Browse the list of practitioners, click on a letter to narrow your search, and click on a name to see the related case notes.

Tap a letter to narrow your search, browse the list of practitioners, and tap on a name to see the related case notes.

PRACTITIONERS A-Z
  • Name: Description:
    Aikin, Arthur (Mr)
    Chemist
    (1773 - 1854)    		 Aikin was born at Warrington. He attended the Free School at Warrington from the age of 6 and from 1784 a school at Palgrave on the Norfolk-Suffolk border. After this he became one of the first students at the Unitarian Academy at Hackney which opened in September 1786. There he was taught history and chemistry by Dr Joseph Priestly. At first, Aikin chose to follow in his grandfather’s footsteps as a Unitarian minister but then changed to devote his career to literary and scientific work, writing and lecturing.
    Alston, Charles (Dr)
    Physician and botanist
    (1683 - 1760)    		 The third son of Thomas Alston, a physician of Thrinacre Milne and Eddlewood. Alston began studying at Glasgow University in 1700, but his father's death in 1703 left the family impoverished and so he decided not to graduate. The Duchess of Hamilton, however, recognizing his promise, arranged for him to receive some legal training under a writer to the signet, James Anderson, in Edinburgh. Three years later the Duchess employed Alston as her 'principal servant' in her household at Hamilton.
    Anderson, James (Mr)
    Surgeon and horticulturist
    (1738 - 1809)    		 Born at Long Hermiston near Edinburgh, James Anderson was the son of Andrew Anderson, a local doctor. Following his education at the Ratho village school, Anderson studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He then became a surgeon on an East India Company ship in 1759, a position he took up again in 1761. He was an assistant surgeon in the Madras presidency in India in 1765. In 1781, Anderson was appointed surgeon-general, and after the formation of the Madras Medical Board in 1786 was elected its first president. He eventually became physician-general.
    Andry, Nicholas (Dr)
    Physician and writer
    (1658 - 1742)    		 Andry was born in Lyon in Saint Nizier. He first started studying theology but then went to study medicine, first at the Faculty of Rheims and then afterwards in Paris. His first book was published in 1700 and was titled ‘The generation of worms in the human body’. The different kinds and types of this disease and the ways of preventing and curing it’. His other books included ‘L’orthopedie’ (1741). This was translated into English in 1742 with the title ‘Orthopaedia or the art of correcting and preventing deformities in children.’
    Astruc, Jean (Dr)
    French Physician
    (1684 - 1766)    		 Born in Sauve, France, Astruc studied medicine and became professor of anatomy in Toulouse, Montpellier and Paris. Author of many books of different medical topics including pathology, therapy, venereology, paediatrics and midwifery. He is also famous for being the physician to his Majesty the King of France Augustus II the Strong. His most well-known treatise was ‘De Morbis venereis Libri novem’ which consisted of two volumes and specifically concerned venereal diseases.
    Bacher, Georges Frédéric (Mr)
    Physician
    (1709 - 1795)    		 George Frédéric Bacher was a German physician. One of his most famous treatises was titled 'Treatises on Dropsy', dropsy being the main focus of his work. He dedicated most of his professional work towards finding a new cure for dropsy (also called edema) and discovered new uses for black hellebore. His son Alexandre André Philippe Frédérich Bacher (1740-1807) also worked in medicine and was a contributor to the 'Journal de Medicine'.
    Baldinger, Ernst Gottfried (Dr)
    Physician and botanist
    (1738 - 1804)    		 Ernst Gottfried Baldinger was born in Großvargula near Erfurt, Germany. He studied medicine at Erfurt, Halle and Jena, earning his MD in 1760 under the tutelage of Ernst Anton Nicolai. In 1761, he was appointed superintendent of the military hospitals associated with the Prussian encampment near Torgau.
    Bancroft, Edward (Dr)
    Physician
    (1745 - 1821)    		 Bancroft was born in Westfield, Massachusetts and stayed there for the first five years of his life. He then moved to Connecticut where he studied under Silas Deane, who later became an important politician. At sixteen years old Bancroft became an apprentice physician but only studied for a few years in his teens.
    Bell, Benjamin (Dr)
    Surgeon
    (1749 - 1806)    		 Bell was born in Dumfries, Scotland, which is where he started his medical training by becoming apprentice to the surgeon James Hill. In 1766 Bell moved to Edinburgh to study medicine at Edinburgh University. His publications include ‘A system of Surgery’ which consisted of six volumes published between 1783 and 1788 as well as his ‘Treatise on Gonorrhoea virulenta and Lues venerea’ (1793) which contained one of the earliest suggestions that syphilis and gonorrhoea were different diseases.
    Birch, John (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (c1740s - 1815)    		 In 1763 Birch was apprenticed to the surgeon Thomas Smith for the fee of £400. He was admitted to the Surgeon’s Company in 1770 and established his practice in London. He purchased a commission as a surgeon to the Horse Grenadier Guards in 1770 which he retired from in 1779. From 1784, he was a surgeon at St Thomas’s Hospital, later becoming surgeon-extraordinary to the Prince Regent, later King George IV.
    Black, Joseph (Dr)
    Physicist and Chemist
    (1728 - 1799)    		 Black was born in Bordeaux. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, thereafter Black succeed William Cullen as Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766. He continued teaching at Edinburgh for more than 30 years.
    Blackburne, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1749 - 1782)    		 Blackburne was educated at Charterhouse School, and went on to pursue a BA degree at St. Peters College, Cambridge. He then studied medicine in Edinburgh. He was a member of the Medical Societies of London and Edinburgh after leaving university, and went on to practise medicine in Durham. Author of ‘Dissertatio de Medici Institutis’ (‘Dissertation on Medical Institutions’) which was published in 1775. Author of ‘An Account of four Cases of Tenia successfully treated’ in a letter to Dr Samuel Foart Simmons, published by the latter in an Appendix to his ‘Account of the Tenia’ which was published in 1778.
    Boerhaave, Herman (Dr)
    Dutch botanist/physician
    (1668 - 1738)    		 Boerhaave studied philosophy at the University of Leiden graduating in 1684, he also studied medicine later in 1693 at the academy at Harderwijk. His professional life was spent at the University of Leiden serving under various job titles including professor of botany and of medicine, rector of the university, professor of practical medicine, and professor of chemistry.
    Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, François (Dr)
    Physician and botanist
    (1706 - 1767)    		 Sauvages studied botany at the University of Montpellier and served as a professor of physiology and pathology at the university from 1734. Later he became the Chair of Botany in 1740. He made important improvements to its botanical garden, including the construction of its first greenhouse. In 1748 Sauvages was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society the following year. He published his first work 'Nouvelles classes de maladies' in 1731.
    Bonnet, Charles (Mr)
    Botanist, naturalist, and philosopher
    (1720 - 1793)    		 Bonnet was born in Geneva, Switzerland into an aristocratic family. He was originally privately educated until 1735 when he went to the Calvinist Academy to study classics. He went on to study law and whilst he continued his profession as a lawyer, he had a passion and talent for natural science. In the insect world, he is most famous for discovering parthenogenesis, which is when a female insect can reproduce without fertilisation from a male. He is also well known for describing symptoms of a condition which is now known as the Charles Bonnet Syndrome. In 1760 he started to document the symptoms of the syndrome that occurred in his grandfather, the symptoms included a decline in eyesight and hallucinations. His publications include ‘raite d’insectologie’ (Treaty on Insectology) in 1745, ‘Recherches sur l’usage des feuilles dans les plantes’ (Research in the Usage of Leaves of Plants) in 1754.
    Boyle, Robert (Mr)
    Natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor.
    (1627 - 1691)    		 Boyle was born County Waterford, Ireland, and was the youngest son of Richard Boyle, first Earl of Cork and Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. Aged eight Boyle was sent to Eton College with his brother, Francis.
    Brown, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (1735 - 1788)    		 Creator of the Brunonian system of medicine which is a system that regards and treats medical disorders on whether they cause excessive or low excitation, also called “excitability” theory.
    Butler, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Proponent of the medicinal use of cicuta.
    Butter, William (Dr)
    Physician
    (1726 - 1805)    		 Butter studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, graduating MD in 1761. His treatises 'On the Kink-Cough' (whooping cough) in 1773 and 'An Account of Puerperal Fevers as they appear in Derbyshire in 1775' increased his reputation. Butter also published works relating to angina pectoris and is believed to have tried to open the carotid artery of a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary, which was abandoned only when the patient fainted after the first incision.
    Campbell, Alexander (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Studied for his MD at the University of Edinburgh and graduated in 1778. He went on to join the Indian Medical Service in 1780. Author of ‘Dissertatio medica inauguralis, proponens observationes quasdam, de acido vitriolico’ (‘Inaugural medical dissertation, proposing certain observations, on vitriolic acid’) which was published in 1778.
    Carburi, Giovanni Battista (Unknown)
    Unknown
    (1722 - 1804)    		 On 31 August 1775, Carburi contributed his signature to ‘Traitement contre le ténia ou ver solitaire, pratiqué à Morat en Suisse [by Madame Nouffer], examiné & éprouvé à Paris’ (‘Treatment against tapeworm or solitary worm, practiced in Morat in Switzerland [by Madame Nouffer], examined & tested in Paris’).
    Carmichael-Smyth, James (Dr)
    Physician
    (1742 - 1821)    		 Smyth was born in Fife. He received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1764. In 1768 Smyth set up a practice in London and was appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1775. Smyth’s publications included studies on contagion, nitrous acid and hydrocephalus. In the early 1800s he was appointed physician-extraordinary to George III.
    Cavendish, Henry (Dr)
    Chemist and physicist
    (1731 - 1810)    		 One of the greatest experimental chemist and physicists of the time, particularly known for his research into the composition of atmospheric air, properties of different gases, theories of heat and density of the earth. The Cavendish experiment is named after his experiment which aimed to try and weigh planet Earth. Henry went to the Hackney Academy, a private school near London, and in 1748 entered Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where he remained for three years before he left without taking a degree which was common in those days. He then built his own laboratory in London from which he conducted his experiments. His 1766 paper On Factitious Airs is notable where he noted his experiments on as his called it “inflammable air”, which was the first discovery of hydrogen.
    Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (NA)
    Roman medical writer.
    (c25 BC - c50 AD)    		 Celsus was the author of an encyclopaedia which covered a vast number of topics including agriculture, military art, rhetoric, philosophy, law and medicine. The only part to survive was the medical section which was published in 1478 as ‘De medicina’.
    Cheyne, George (Dr)
    Physician.
    (1672 - 1743)    		 Cheyne was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. He attended medical school in Edinburgh under the tuition of Dr. Pitcairn. After completing his medical qualification, he moved to London where in 1702 he set up his own medical practice. After various wobbles with his own health, he later set up another medical practice in Bath and became a well-known physician, he was a keen advocate for vegetarianism which started to catch on with some of the wealthy elite of the time. Cheyne wrote several books that covered various topics including nutrition, exercise, and depression. His most famous was ‘An Essay on Health and Long Life’ which was published in 1724. He was considered the 18th century health and exercise guru despite his own ill health and weight issues.
    Cleghorn, George (Dr)
    Physician
    (1716 - 1789)    		 Cleghorn was one of the founders of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. He became surgeon to a regiment that was stationed in Minorca and published the observations he made there in his work ‘Observations on the Epidemical Diseases in Minorca from the Year 1744 to 1749’, which was published in 1751. Cleghorn is credited with demonstrating that quinine bark was effective as a remedy against malaria. He was also the first person to describe infectious hepatitis.
    Collin, Heinrich Joseph (Dr)
    Physician
    (1731 - 1784)    		 Born in Vienna, Collin qualified as a doctor in 1760 and while working at the Pazmann Infirmary, he researched the effects of various remedies to diseases. He published his findings from his hospital residency in multiple works, including 'Observationum circa morbos acutos et chronicos factarum pars II-VI'.
    Cook, James (Captain)
    Explorer and navigator
    (1728 - 1779)    		 Was born near Middlesbrough in Yorkshire, at 17 years old he moved to Whitby by the coast working with a coal merchant. After 10 years he decided to join the Royal Navy, during which he learnt to survey and chart coastal waters in North America. He showed great talent and advanced rapidly through the ranks and at the age of 29 was made ship master. On his ship HMB Endeavour he commanded the first scientific expedition to the Pacific where he chartered New Zealand and the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. He is also known for preventing scurvy on his ships through proper sanitation and ventilation as well as a diet of cress, sauerkraut and orange extract.
    Coste, Jean-François (Dr)
    Physician
    (1741 - 1819)    		 Coste was born in France, he was first educated in Belley and Lyon before moving to Paris to study medicine, in 1763 he gained his Doctorate in Valencia. He became a well-known physician in France, and eventually after practising in Calais he became the chief physician of the French expeditionary forces in the American revolution in 1780. During the war he treated both French and American troops, for his efforts he earned an honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from William and Mary College.
    Cothenius, Christian Andreas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1708 - 1789)    		 In 1728, Cothenius studied medicine at the University of Halle where he earned his doctorate and studied under the well-known physician Friedrich Hoffmann. He began his career as town physician in Havelberg in 1738, and by 1750 had been appointed royal physician to Friedrich II. He served as a military doctor in the Seven Years’ War between 1756 and 1763. During his career, he introduced the use of vitriolic acid as a treatment for Psora. The Cothenius medal, awarded by Leopoldina of Halle ‘in recognition of the ability of those who promote the well-being of mortals’, was named after him.
    Crawford, Adair (Dr)
    Chemist
    (1748 - 1795)    		 Crawford was born in Northern Ireland. He studied medicine at Glasgow University, being awarded MD in 1780. Crawford then became a physician at the General dispensary in London and then a physician to St. Thomas’ hospital.
    Crawford, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Thomas Crawford studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh from 1768 until 1771. He was the author of ‘Disquisitio medica inauguralis de cynanche stridula’ (‘Inaugural medical treatise on cynanche stridula’) in 1771.
    Cullen, William (Dr)
    Chemist, physician, lecturer
    (1710 - 1790)    		 William Cullen was born in Hamilton, near Glasgow. His father was an attorney and agent for the Duke of Hamilton, and the proprietor of a small estate in Bothwell. Cullen’s education started at the local grammar school before enrolling at Glasgow University in 1726 where he studied arts.
    Darwin, Erasmus (Dr)
    Physician
    (1731 - 1802)    		 Darwin studied medicine at Edinburgh in the 1750s. His books included ‘Zoonomia’ (1794) and ‘Loves of the Plants’ which published in two parts in 1789 and 1791 and ‘The Temple of Nature’ (1803).
    Darwin, Charles (Mr)
    Medical student
    (1758 - 1778)    		 Darwin attended school in Lichfield, and in 1775 was matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford. Within a year, he chose to leave Oxford for the University of Edinburgh, where he befriended Andrew Duncan, then a clinical teacher. In 1778 he submitted a dissertation on the distinctions between mucus and pus to the Aesculapian Society, founded in 1773 by Duncan, which won him the society's first annual gold medal. He prepared a thesis on 'Retrograde Motions of the Lymphatic Vessels in Some Diseases', but died before graduating due to an injury gained during a dissection. His father published Darwin’s work in 1780, entitled ‘Experiments establishing a criterion between mucaginous and purulent matter. And an account of the retrograde motions of the absorbent vessels of animal bodies in some diseases’. An unpublished manuscript entitled ‘What are the established varieties of the pulse, their causes & use in medicine’ may also have been written by Darwin.
    Dawson, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (c1725 - 1782)    		 Dawson attended Kendal Academy from 1746 and studied for his MD at Glasgow College from 1749 until 1753. After his graduation, he briefly worked as a minister in Hackney but soon switched to practising medicine in London. He was physician at Middlesex Hospital for two years beginning in 1759, was admitted as licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1762, and was physician at the London Hospital from 1964 until 1770; he also saw patients at Batson’s Coffee House in Cornhill. He published ‘Cases in the Acute Rheumatism and the Gout, with Cursory Remarks and the Method of Treatment’ in 1774, and ‘An Account of a Safe and Efficient Remedy for Sore Eyes and Eyelids’ in 1782.
    De Haen, Anton (Dr)
    Austrian physician
    (1704 - 1776)    		 Born in the Hague, de Haen studied medicine in Leiden under Hermann Boerhaave. In 1754 he went to the University of Vienna where he became the head of its medical clinic. He notably taught students at the bedsides of patients.
    Degner, Johann Hartmann (Dr)
    Physician
    (1687 - 1756)    		 Johann Hartmann Degner began studying law at Halle, but moved on to study his real passion of medicine and in 1717 he received his M.D. from the University of Utrecht. After working in Elberfeld for a year, he went to work as a doctor in Nijmegen in 1719, and became mayor to the city in 1951. In 1729, he published ‘Dissertatio physica de turfis, sistens historiam naturalem cespitum combustilium qui in multis Europae regionibus, et praecipue in Hollandia reperiuntur, ac ligni loco usurpantur’ (‘A physical treatise on turfs, showing the natural history of the combustible turfs which are found in many parts of Europe, and especially in Holland, and are used instead of wood.’) in 1729. He wrote about the Ruhr epidemic of 1736 in ‘Historia medica de dysenteria bilioso-contagiosa, quae 1736 Neomagi et in vicinis ei pagis epidemice grassata fuit’ (‘A medical history of bilious-contagious dysentery, which in 1736 was an epidemic in Neomagi and neighboring villages’), published in 1738.
    Dioscorides, Pedanius (Dr)
    Physician, pharmacologist, botanist
    (c40 - c90)    		 Dioscorides likely studied medicine at the school in Tarsus, which was near his home city Anazarbus in Cilicia. The school had a pharmacological emphasis, with Dioscordies dedicating his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there. Whilst he is said to have served in the Roman army as a physician, his pharmacopoeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean. This indicates that it is unlikely that he served in campaigns or travelled outside of that region. As Padanius is a Roman name, this also indicates that he was sponsored by an aristocrat of this name to become a Roman citizen.
    Dobson, Matthew (Dr)
    Physician and natural philosopher
    (1732 - 1784)    		 Dobson enrolled at the University of Glasgow in 1750 where he assisted William Cullen with his experiments on evaporation. Cullen also encouraged Dobson to investigate the effects of temperature and chemistry, topics that continued to be a lifelong fascination. After graduating in 1753, Dobson attended the Edinburgh Medical School, becoming a member of the Medical Society (later known as the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh), graduating MD in 1756 with his thesis on menstruation.
    Eason, Alexander (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Eason was an army surgeon of the 18th Regiment of Dragoons. He was author of 'An Account of the Effects of Electricity in removing a fixed Contraction of the Fingers'.
    Fontana, Felice (Mr)
    Italian Physicist
    (1730 - 1805)    		 Fontana was educated in Rovereto, Verone, Parma and the University of Padua. He first began researching irritability and sensitivity of the parts of the animal body and published his findings in the collections ‘Mémoires sur les parties sensibles et irritables du corps animal.’ In 1765 Felice was appointed to the chair of logic and, in 1766, to the chair of physics at the University of Pisa. He is most well known for his experiments regarding viper poison and his publication ‘Traite sur le venin de la vipere’,1781.
    Fordyce, George (Dr)
    Physician, lecturer and chemist
    (1736 - 1802)    		 Fordyce was born in Aberdeen. He studied at the University of Aberdeen where he was made master of arts at only 14 years old. At the age of 15 he trained with his uncle Dr John Fordyce who was a physician in Uppingham. Fordyce then moved to Edinburgh where he graduated as doctor of medicine in 1758. He then went to London where he lectured on chemistry and medicine and was a physician at St. Thomas Hospital.
    Foster , Unknown (Dr )
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown )    		 No further information can be found regarding this practitioner.
    Fothergill, John (Dr)
    Physician, naturalist, medical journalist and Quaker philanthropist
    (1712 - 1780)    		 Born in Wensleydale, Yorkshire but settled in London after studying medicine at Edinburgh in the 1730s. Gave the first full and accurate description of trigeminal neuralgia in 1773. Edited and contributed to the London Medical Observations.
    Fowler, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1736 - 1801)    		 Born in Stafford, Fowler was best known for his Fowler’s solution which was used as a remedy for fever. The solution contained 1% potassium arsenite. He also published about the medical uses of tobacco such as in ‘Medical reports, of the effects of tobacco, in the cure of dropsies and dysuries, or cases of pain and difficulty of passing urine ... Together with observations--on the medicinal effects of tobacco, 1788.’
    Gaber, Johannis Baptistae (Unknown)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Wrote three texts on animal fluids, the third called ‘De Humoribus Animalibus Specimen tertium'.
    Gahn, Henry (Dr)
    Swedish Chemist and mineralogist
    (1745 - 1818)    		 Was born in Voxnabruk, Hälsningland, Sweden and studied in Uppsala from 1762-1770. Gahn discovered the element manganese in 1774. He published very little, but some of his findings were recorded by colleagues at the time. He, along with Karl Scheele, performed experiments to determine importance of phosphorus in bones.
    Galen, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician, writer and philosopher
    (129AD - c216AD)    		 Galen became one of the most famous doctors of the Roman Empire and his theories were still prevalent as much as 1,500 years later. When he was 16 he began studying medicine which he studied at Pergamum (his birth town), at Smyrna, which is now modern day Turkey. He then studied at Alexandria in Egypt which was a renowned medical centre of its time. After which he returned to Pergamum where he became chief physician for gladiators that were under the power of the high priest of Asia. He then moved to Rome where he remained and was the physician for many emperors. He preferred the experimental method of medical investigation and from his examinations of dissected animals he started to make discoveries including that of urine being formed in the kidneys and arteries being a vessel for carrying blood.
    Gard, Unknown (Mr)
    An Apothecary based in Edinburgh
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Gard could be an abbreviation of the individual's full surname.
    Gaubius, Hieronymus David (Dr)
    Physician and chemist
    (1705 - 1780)    		 Born in Heidelberg (Germany), Gaubius (or Gaub) was a German physician and chemist. After moving to live with his uncle Jan Gaubius in Amsterdam, who was also a physician, Gaubius developed an interest in medicine and began studying in Harderwyk and Leiden (Netherlands). In 1731, he took over as professor of chemistry and two years later as professor of medicine in Leiden. In 1760, he became court physician to the Prince of Orange. His works include 'Institutiones pathologiae medicinalis', a systematic glossary of definitions. He researched and used the popular nostrum called Luna Fixata (zinc flowers), which was used for epilepsy and which he allegedly learned about from the quack Luddemannus.
    Glisson, Francis (Dr)
    British physician and anatomist
    (1597 - 1677)    		 Glisson was born in Bristol, educated in both Dorset and then at Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College. He graduated in 1634. In 1636 he succeeded Dr Ralph Winterton as Regius professor of physic at Cambridge and continued to hold that position until his death in 1677. In 1639. His first work, ‘De Rachitide, seu Morbo Puerili’, was published in 1650.
    Goulard, Thomas (Dr)
    French Surgeon
    (1697 - 1784)    		 Was born at Saint-Nicholas-de-la-Grave near Montanbare. He majored at the Military Hospital at Montpellier and went on to become professor of surgery there. In 1766 he published his ‘Treatise on Lead’ whereby Goulard sets out explaining the many uses in which lead can be used to cure diseases. Most well-known for Goulard’s extract which was a solution of lead acetate and lead oxide which at the time was used as an astringent.
    Graff, Eberhard Gottlieb (Dr)
    German philologist
    (1780 - 1841)    		 Graff was born in Elbing Prussia. He was educated in Königsberg and in 1824 became a professor in German language. One of his notable works is ‘Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz’ (6 volumes, 1835–43).
    Graham, Robert (Unknown)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Author of 'An Account of the Effects of Deadly Night-shade externally applied'.
    Gray, Edward Whitaker (Dr)
    Philosopher and naturalist
    (1748 - 1807)    		 Gray was librarian of the College of Physicians of London. He was later appointed keeper of the departments of natural history and antiquities of the British Museum. Gray was a fellow of the Royal Society.
    Gregory, John (Dr)
    Physician and medical writer
    (1724 - 1773)    		 Born in Aberdeen, Scotland, Gregory was the youngest son of James Gregorie (d.1731) who was a Professor of Medicine at King’s College, Aberdeen. In 1741-2 he started studying medicine at Edinburgh University after which he continued his studies at Leiden in 1745. After gaining his degree in 1746 he became professor of Philosophy at King’s College, he stayed in academia for a few years before deciding to continue in the medical profession. In 1764, Gregory moved back to Edinburgh after some time in London, he established a medical practice in Edinburgh and was appointed first physician to George III, and in 1766 was appointed Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh University. He gave lectures on medicine which were publicized in ‘Observations on the Duties and Offices of a Physician and on the Method of Prosecuting Enquiries in Philosophy’ (1770).
    Griffith, Moses (Dr)
    Physician
    (1724 - 1785)    		 Griffith was born at Lapidon, Shropshire and was educated at Shewsbury school. At the age of 18 he went to St. John’s College, Cambridge and from there went to study medicine at Leiden University, receiving his MD in 1744. In 1776 he published ‘Practical Observations on the Cure of the Hectic and Slow Fevers, and the Pulmonary Consumption’.
    Guthrie, Matthew (Dr)
    Physician
    (1743 - 1807)    		 Guthrie born in Edinburgh, and in 1764 started his medical education at the University of Edinburgh. He went on to complete his MD at St. Andrews University in 1770. Before this he practiced unqualified as a ship’s surgeon for the East India Company. In 1771 Guthrie moved to St. Petersburgh, Russia, where he became a physician to the first and second Imperial Corps of Noble Cadets. He also became personal councillor to the Russian Royal family. His publications include ‘Dissertations sur les antiquités de Russie’ (1795).
    Hamilton, Alexander (Dr)
    Physician
    (1739 - 1802)    		 Hamilton was born in Kincardineshire, Scotland. He was appointed as a surgeon to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in 1762. Hamilton began lecturing in midwifery, alongside Dr Thomas Young, at the University of Edinburgh in 1780. He was made sole professor in 1783. Hamilton was appointed Deacon of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1776 and, in 1791, he founded the Edinburgh Lying-In Hospital.
    Hamilton, Robert (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Hamilton was a physician in Lyme Regis. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Hardy, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 It is possible that this individual is English physician James Hardy, however, there is insufficient evidence in the case notes to be sure of their identity.
    Hart, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Hart’s inaugural dissertation at Leiden University was on the subject of the medicinal virtues of the flowers of zinc. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Haygarth, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (1740 - 1827)    		 Haygarth was born in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He studied first at Cambridge University and the University of Edinburgh medical school, although he left without graduating. He then received his MB from Cambridge in 1766. After moving to Chester, he studied and published on the spread of fevers. Haygarth was one of the founders of the Smallpox Society of Chester. In 1798 Haygarth moved to Bath where he published a treatise on rheumatic fever and on gout.
    Heberden, William (Dr)
    Physician
    (1710 - 1801)    		 Heberden was born in Southwark, London. He received a BA from Cambridge University in 1728 and was awarded his MD in 1738. He then began lecturing in materia medica at Cambridge until he moved to London in 1748.
    Helmich, Albertus (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Albertus Helmich was a physician from Berlin. He authored a treatise titled ‘Dissertatio inauguralis medica de usu interno olei vitrioli dilute in nonnullis scabiei specibus’. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Hendy, James (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Hendy received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1774. After graduating he took up practice in Barbados. His publications include ‘Tentamen physiologicum inaugurale, de secretione glandulari’ (1774) and ‘A treatise on the glandular disease of Barbadoes, proving it to be seated in the lymphatic system’ (1784).
    Hewson, William (Mr)
    Surgeon and anatomist
    (1739 - 1774)    		 Hewson was born in Hexham, Northumberland. After working as an apprentice in Newcastle Hewson moved to London and studied at St. Thomas’s and Guy’s hospitals. Hewson undertook further studies and research in Edinburgh, France and the Netherlands before returning to London. Working under the anatomist William Hunter, Hewson delivered lectures on anatomy before setting up his own lecture theatre in 1772.
    Heysham, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (1753 - 1834)    		 Heysham was born in Lancaster. He was apprenticed as a surgeon in Burton and then received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1777. He established a dispensary for the poor in Carlisle. His publications included ‘An Account of the Jail Fever at Carlisle’ (1781).
    Hill, James (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (1703 - 1776)    		 Hill was born in Kirkliston, close to Edinburgh. In 1723 Hill began a surgical apprenticeship. In 1730 he joined the navy and two years later returned to Dumfries to begin his surgical practice. Hill published a number of medical papers, his most significant work being ‘Cases in Surgery: Particularly of Cancers and Disorders of the Head from External Violence with Observations: to Which is Added an Account of the Sibbens’ (1772).
    Hippocrates, Unknown (Unknown)
    Physician
    (c460 BCE - c370 BCE)    		 Hippocrates was born on the island of Cos in Greece and died in Larissa (Thessaly, Greece). He is often considered the most famous and influential physician of antiquity. A lot of information about his life has to be taken from biographies written half a millennia after his death, and from collected medical writings known as the 'Hippocratic Corpus'. These were likely not written by Hippocrates himself but rather were based on his teachings and practices. Another part of his legacy, although he likely also did not write it himself, is the Hippocratic Oath, an ethical code of practice by which physicians and medical professionals should abide.
    Hoffman, Friedrich (Dr)
    Physician and chemist
    (1660 - 1742)    		 Friedrich Hoffmann (also spelled Hofmann or Hoffman) was a German physician and chemist, most renowned for publishing 'Medicina Rationalis Systematica' (1716). He studied mathematics and philosophy in Jena (Germany) and he was also a student in chemical medicine (Iatrochemistry). Through connections made during trips through the Netherlands and England, he forged a friendship with Robert Boyle. He settled in Minden (Germany) and in 1686 was appointed court and country physician for the Principality Minden. He was influential in the foundation of the University of Halle in 1694 and a year prior to its opening, he was appointed the first Professor of Medicine and Physics.
    Home, Francis (Dr)
    Physician
    (1719 - 1813)    		 Home apprenticed to Mr Rattray, an Edinburgh surgeon, and later studied at the new medical faculty at Edinburgh University. Before graduating he became a surgeon with the sixth Inniskilling regiment of dragoons, serving with them in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. Home returned to Edinburgh University after the war, where he graduated MD in 1750. In 1768 Home became the first professor of materia medica at the University of Edinburgh. To meet the student’s need for a syllabus of drugs Home used his lecture notes to publish 'Methodus materia medica' (1769).
    Hope, John (Dr)
    Physician and botanist
    (1725 - 1786)    		 Hope studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, then studied botany at the University of Paris. He received his MD from the University of Glasgow in 1750. In 1760 Hope became the Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Professor of Botany at the University of Edinburgh. In 1768 he was appointed as a physician to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.
    Hopkins, Francis (Dr)
    Physician
    (1752 - Unknown)    		 Hopkins authored a dissertation titled ‘Tentamen medicum inaugurale, de scirrho et carcinomate’. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Hunter, Alexander (Dr)
    Physician
    (c1729 - 1809)    		 Hunter was born in Edinburgh. He studied in Rouen and Paris before receiving his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1753. He practiced in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire and Beverley, Yorkshire, before moving to York in 1763. Hunter was a physician at the York dispensary and the founder, in 1777, of the York Lunatic Asylum.
    Hunter, William (Dr)
    Anatomist and physician
    (1718 - 1783)    		 After studying divinity at the University of Glasgow Hunter studied medicine in 1737 under William Cullen. Moving to London, Hunter became a resident pupil to William Smellie, a Scottish obstetrician and medical instructor, and trained in anatomy at St George's Hospital, London, specialising in obstetrics. Following Smellie's example, Hunter gave a private course on dissecting, operative procedures and bandaging from 1746. In 1768, Hunter built an anatomy theatre and museum in Great Windmill Street, Soho.
    Hunter, John (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (1728 - 1793)    		 When he was nearly 21, Hunter began his medical education in London under his brother William, who was an anatomy teacher and an accoucheur. John became skilled at dissection and William appointed him as his assistant in 1748. Soon, he was running practical classes on his own. After qualifying as a surgeon Hunter became assistant surgeon at St George’s Hospital in 1756 and later surgeon in 1768. His first major scientific work was 'A Treatise on the Natural History of the Human Teeth' (1771).
    Huxham, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (c1692 - 1768)    		 Huxham was born in Devon. In 1715 he began studying medicine at Leiden University but did not complete his studies, instead he graduated MD at Rheims in 1717. His publications included ‘Observationes de aere et morbis epidemicis’ (1739), ‘An Essay on Fevers and their Various Kinds’ (1750), ‘De morbo colico damnoniensi’ (1752) and ‘A dissertation On the Malignant, Ulcerous Sore-Throat’ (1757).
    Irving, Ralph (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Irving was the author of ‘Experiments on the red and quill peruvian bark, with observations on its history, mode of operation, and uses’ (1785), for which he was awarded first prize by the Harveian Society of Edinburgh in 1784. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Jackson, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 The case notes identify that Dr Jackson was a physician practicing in Edinburgh around 1779 to 1780. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Jacquin, Nikolaus (Prof)
    Naturalist
    (1727 - 1817)    		 Jacquin was born in Leiden in the Netherlands. He studied medicine at Leiden University before moving to Paris and then to Vienna. In the 1750s Jacquin went on expeditions to Venezuela, the West Indies and Central America to collect plant specimens. He was appointed professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the Bergakademie Schemnitz in 1763 and in 1769 was appointed Professor of Botany and Chemistry and director of the botanical gardens of the University of Vienna.
    Jebb, John (Dr)
    Physician, religious and social reformer
    (1736 - 1786)    		 Jebb was born in London and was first educated in Ireland before moving to continue his education at Peterhouse, Cambridge. Jebb went on to study medicine at the university of St. Andrews in 1777 and in the same year became a fellow member of the Royal College of Physicians of London.
    Jones, Robert (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Jones was the author of ‘An inquiry into the state of medicine, on the principles of inductive philosophy : With an appendix; containing practical cases and observation’ (1781). No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Juncker, Johann Friedrich (Dr)
    Physician
    (1679 - 1759)    		 Juncker was born in Londorf, near Giessen. Juncker studied philosophy at the University of Marburg before moving to the University of Halle to study theology. He then held a series of teaching positions, in Halle, Lemgo, Schaaken and Pyrmont. Juncker then returned to Halle to become the medical supervisor of a school, orphanage and clinic, collectively known as the Franckesche Stiftungen. Alongside his medical practice Juncker also taught medical students at the clinic.
    Jussius, Unknown (Unknown)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 The case notes identify that Jussius was a ‘Member of Royal Academy in flux which in France succeeded’. The individual may be Joseph de Jussius, however, there is insufficient evidence to state this with certainty.
    Kentish, Richard (Dr)
    Physician
    (1730 - 1792)    		 Born in Yorkshire, Kentish graduated in medicine from the University of Edinburgh in 1784 with a dissertation ‘De Phthisi pulmonali’ (On Tuberculosis). He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1790. His publications include ‘Experiments and Observations on a New Species of Bark’ (1785) and ‘Advice to Gouty Persons’ (1789).
    Kerr, James (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (1738 - 1782)    		 Kerr was a surgeon in the East-India Company Service, based in Bengal, Calcutta and Dacca.
    Koelpin, Alexander Bernhard (Dr)
    Physician and botanist
    (1739 - 1801)    		 Koelpin studied theology at the University of Greifswald before transferring to the University of Göttingen. He had to return home before completing his studies due to occupation by French troops in the Seven Years' War. He then turned to medicine, studying first in Berlin and then in Greifswald, where he received his doctorate in 1764. Koelpin was appointed director of the Greifswald botanical garden in 1765 and from 1767 he also began working in the Greifswald medical faculty. He moved to Stettin in 1771 where he worked as professor at the academic high school and as a district physician.
    Lambergen, Tiberius (Dr)
    Physician
    (1717 - 1763)    		 Born in Reitsum (Netherlands) Lambergen was a Dutch physician. He enrolled as a student at the university of Franeker (Netherlands), where he studied medicine and science and received his doctorate in May 1740. He initially settled down in Leeuwarden to practice medicine. He married Antoinette Werners in 1749. He was made a member of the Provincial Council of Friesland (Netherlands) in 1751. His inaugural lecture in Franeker University was titled ‘De amico historiae naturalis cum medicina connubio’ (1751). In 1754, he transferred to Groningen, where he published writings such as ‘Lectio sistens ephemeriden persanati carcinomatis’ on cancer. He was probably most famous for his attempts to find a cure for breast cancer, in particular with plant extracts from the university's botanical gardens. He died in Groningen on 9 June 1768.
    Lassone, Joseph-Marie-François de (Dr)
    Physician and naturalist
    (1717 - 1788)    		 Lassone studied anatomy in Paris before being received into the academy of sciences as associate-anatomist. He also studied and wrote on natural history and chemistry. Lassone, at the time of his death, held the appointment of first physician to Louis XVL, counsellor of state, doctor-regent of the faculty of medicine at Paris, and pensionary-veteran of the academy of sciences.
    Lavoisier, Antoine (Mr)
    Chemist
    (1743 - 1794)    		 Lavoisier was born in Paris. He studied at the University of Paris and received a bachelor’s degree in law in 1763. He didn’t practice law, but rather studied and researched in chemistry, geology and other scientific subjects. In 1765 Lavoisier submitted an essay on improving urban street lighting to the French Academy of Sciences. He opened a public laboratory to provide access to scientists to enable their research. He also founded two organisations for public education in the sciences, Lycée and Musée des Arts et Métiers.
    le Febure, Nicasius (Mr)
    Pharmacist, Chemist
    (1615 - 1669)    		 Educated at the Academy of Sedan, Le Febure became an apprentice at his father’s apothecary shop in 1625. By 1647, he had qualified as master apothecary and relocated to Paris where he was patronised by Samuel Duclos, physician to the king, and began to teach private courses in chemistry. In 1660, Le Febure moved to England to serve as royal professor of chemistry and apothecary to the king’s household. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1661 and was appointed to the society’s chemical committee in 1664. Le Febure authored a textbook, 'Traicté de la chymie' ('A Treatise on Chemistry'), in 1660. He also wrote 'Discours sur le grand cordial de Sir Walter Rawleigh' ('A Discourse upon Sir Walter Rawleigh’s Great Cordial'), published in 1664.
    Leslie, Patrick Dugud (Dr)
    Physician
    (c1750 - 1783)    		 Leslie received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1775. His medical practice was in Durham.
    Lettsom, John Coakley (Dr)
    Physician
    (1744 - 1815)    		 Lettsom was born in the British Virgin Islands, in 1744. He was then sent to school in Lancashire. He completed an apprenticeship to an apothecary before moving to London in 1766 to undertake medical training at St. Thomas’s Hospital. He then returned to the British Virgin Islands and undertook medical care there before again returning to Europe and receiving his MD from Leiden University in 1769. Lettsom founded the General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street and the Medical Society of London.
    Lewis, Unknown (Dr)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 It is possible that this individual is experimental chemist William Lewis (1708 – 1781), however, there is insufficient evidence in the case notes to be sure of their identity.
    Lieutaud, Joseph (Dr)
    Physician
    (1703 - 1780)    		 Lieutaud was born in Aix-en-Provence, France. He graduated with an MD at Aix in 1725. Lieutaud moved to Paris and became a physician in the royal infirmary, then a physician to the royal children, and then chief physician to King Louis XVI. His publications included ‘Essais anatomiques’ (1742), ‘Précis de la medecine pratique’ (1759) and ‘Précis de la matiere mdedicale’. (1766).
    Lilie, Wilhelm Gottlob (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Lilie authored ‘Dissertatio medica, inauguralis, de plumbi virtutibus medicis. Quam, annuente summo numine, ex auctoritate reverendi admodum viri, D. Gulielmi Robertson, S.S.T.P. academiæ Edinburgenæ praefect’ (1775). No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Linnaeus von Linné, Carolus Carl (Sir)
    Naturalist and botanist
    (1707 - 1778)    		 Born in Småland (Sweden), Linneaus was a naturalist, botanist and explorer. He is most known for creating the uniform system for naming natural genera and species (binomial nomenclature). He originally studied in Lund University and Uppsala University and in 1732 went on a research expedition to Lapland. He practiced medicine although he maintained an interest in botany and published multiple taxonomic works.
    Logan, George (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 The case notes detail that Dr Logan recently received a degree from the University of Edinburgh. Two George Logans received MDs from the university at this time, one in 1777 and one in 1779. It is not possible with the information available to ascertain which this relates to.
    Ludemanni; Luddemannus, Unknown (Unknown)
    Quack
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Luddemannus was a Dutch empiric, or quack, who sold a medicine he titled luna fixata. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Lysons, Daniel (Dr)
    Physician
    (1727 - 1800)    		 Lysons was born in Gloucestershire. He graduated from Oxford University with a BA in 1750 and an MA in 1751. He received his MD in 1769. He practiced for a time in Gloucester before moving to Bath around 1770. Lysons was then appointed as one of the physicians to the Bath General Hospital.
    MacBride, David (Dr)
    Physician
    (1726 - 1778)    		 Macbride was born in County Antrim. He worked as a surgeon’s apprentice before working as a surgeon’s mate on a hospital ship and then surgeon in the navy. He then studied medicine in Edinburgh and London before moving to Dublin in 1751. MacBride was awarded his MD by the University of Glasgow in 1764.
    Macquer, Pierre (Prof)
    Chemist
    (1718 - 1784)    		 Macquer published a number of texts, including ‘Dictionnaire de chymie’ (1766). He worked as a chemist for commercial companies. Macquer was made adjunct Chemist at the French Academy of Sciences in 1745 and then Associate Chemist in 1766. He was appointed as the permanent Chair of Chemistry in 1772.
    Marcard, Heinrich Matthias (Dr)
    Physician
    (1747 - 1817)    		 Marcard studied medicine in Göttingen and received his MD in 1770. After studying medicine in England from 1773 to 1774 he settled in Hanover. From 1775 Macard regularly practiced in the summer months in the spa town of Bad Pyrmont. In 1788 Marcard moved to Oldenburg where he worked as the personal physician to Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig before returning to Hanover in 1809.
    Marryat, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1730 - 1792)    		 Marryat was born in London. His father was a minister, and Marryat’s initial studies were undertaken with the aim of becoming a Presbyterian minister. Marryat gave up his religious studies and went to Edinburgh in 1760 to study medicine where he graduated MD. He then toured medical schools in continental Europe and America. Marryat then lived in Northern Ireland and Shrewsbury for a time before settling in Bristol.
    McCormick, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 McCormick is identified in the case notes as being based in Antrim. While a Dr John Isaac McCormick (1703 - 1768) has been identified as having been based in Antrim, the death date does not correspond. It is possible the individual referenced in the case notes was a descendant of John McCormick.
    Mead, Richard (Dr)
    Physician
    (1673 - 1754)    		 Mead was born in London. He studied at Utrecht and Leiden universities before graduating in philosophy and physic at Padua in 1695. Mead’s publications included ‘A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it’ (1720) and ‘Mechanical Account of Poisons’ (1902). He was appointed physician to St. Thomas' Hospital. Mead was a founding governor, and advisor, to London’s Foundling Hospital.
    Millar, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (1733 - 1805)    		 Millar received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1757. He then practiced in Kelso, in the Scottish Borders, before being appointed physician to the Westminster General Dispensary in 1774. His works included ‘Observations on the Asthma and on the Hooping Cough’ (1769) and ‘A Discourse on the Duty of Physicians’ (1776).
    Milman, Francis (Dr)
    Physician
    (1746 - 1821)    		 Milman was born in Devon. He graduated MD from Oxford University in 1764 and received his MD in 1776. He was appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital, a position which he held from 1777 to 1779. He then developed a practice in London and, in 1785, was made physician-extraordinary to the king's household, and in 1796 joint physician to the household. In 1800 he was made a baronet, a reward for attending Princess Sophia, and in 1806 became physician-in-ordinary to George III.
    Milner, Isaac (Prof)
    Chemist and mathematician
    (1750 - 1820)    		 Milner was born in Leeds. He was apprenticed as a weaver, before his brother supported his attendance at Cambridge University. He was awarded a BA in 1774. In 1782 the Jacksonian professorship of natural philosophy was established and Milner was appointed as the inaugural professor.
    Moffatt, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (c1702 - c1787)    		 Moffatt, a Scottish-born physician, studied at Edinburgh and Leiden universities before moving to Newport, Rhode Island, in 1729. There he practiced medicine and established a snuff mill. Moffatt was an active supporter of royal authority in the colonies and during the Stamp Act disturbances he was hanged in effigy, his house sacked and many of his possessions destroyed.
    Monro (Secundus), Alexander (Dr)
    Physician
    (1733 - 1817)    		 Alexander Monro Secundus was the third son of Alexander Monro primus. Aged twelve, Monro enrolled in the faculty of arts at Edinburgh University, studying Latin, Greek, philosophy, mathematics, physics and history. He began his medical studies in 1750. In 1753, Monro took over teaching his father’s anatomy lessons. At the petition of Monro primus, Monro achieved joint professorship, without qualifications, in 1754. Monro graduated MD in 1755 with a thesis titled 'De testibus et semine in variis animalibus'. Monro took up the anatomy lectureship in the academic session of 1758-59, a post he would hold for the next fifty years.
    Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (Prof)
    Physician
    (1682 - 1771)    		 Morgagni studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Bologna where he then became an anatomic demonstrator. He then was appointed as professor of theoretical medicine at Padua University and, three years later, he was promoted to the chair of anatomy.
    Morgan, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (1735 - 1789)    		 Morgan was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was awarded his MD by the University of Edinburgh in 1763. Morgan co-founded the College of Philadelphia Medical School, the first medical school in North America. He was also a founding member of the American Philosophical Society.
    Mudge, John (Dr)
    Physician and surgeon
    (1721 - 1793)    		 Mudge was baptised in Devon. He studied medicine at Plymouth Hospital. In 1777 Mudge published a dissertation on the inoculated smallpox. Mudge remained in Plymouth for the rest of his life practicing first as a surgeon and then, after 1784, when he was awarded an MD from King's College, Aberdeen, as a physician.
    Munch, Johann Heinrich (Dr)
    Physician
    (1758 - Unknown)    		 Munch authored ‘Dissertatio inauguralis medica sistens observationes practicas circa usum belladonnae, in melancholia, mania, et epilepsia’ (1783). No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Nouffer, Unknown (Madame)
    Empiric
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Madame Nouffer, nee Meyer, from Switzerland, employed a remedy for the cure of the tape-worm, apparently following the instructions of her deceased husband. The apparent effectiveness of her treatment led to its purchase by the French government who commissioned a study of the remedy by Joseph-Marie-François de Lassone titled ‘Traitement contre le ténia ou ver solitaire, pratique, à Morat en Suisse [by Mme Nouffer], examiné & éprouvé à Paris’ (1775).
    Odier, Louis Jean (Dr)
    Physician
    (1748 - 1817)    		 Odier was born in the then independent Republic of Geneva. Odier studied philosophy in Genera and then moved to Edinburgh where he studied medicine, being granted his MD in 1770. He went on to study at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, at the University of Leiden, and in Paris. Odier then returned to Geneva and was instrumental in introducing smallpox vaccination into France and Switzerland, translating the works of key figures in the vaccination movement including Edward Jenner.
    Oetinger, Ferdinand Christoph (Dr)
    Physician
    (1719 - 1772)    		 Born in Tübingen (Germany), Oetinger was a court physician in the Duchy of Württemberg. He was also active as a professor of medicine at the University of Tübingen and 1768-1769 acted as rector there. He published an inaugural dissertation 'de belladonna, tanquam specifico in cancro, imprimis occulto', which focussed on the use of belladonna in cancer treatment. He was a strong influence for physicians who believed in the theory of animal magnetism (or mesmerism), that stipulated the existence of an invisible natural force in all living beings.
    Ogl, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 A physician from Forfar, Scotland, who used Fern powder to combat Taenia Cucurbitina. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Pallas, Peter Simon (Prof)
    Physician, naturalist
    (1741 - 1811)    		 Pallas was born in Berlin, the son of Professor of Surgery Simon Pallas. He studied at the University of Halle, the University of Göttingen and finally the University of Leiden where he received his MD. Pallas developed a new system of animal classification. His publications included ‘Miscellanea Zoologica’ (1766) and ‘Spicilegia Zoologica’ (1767–80). In 1767 Pallas became a professor at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
    Palmer, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 A Dr Palmer is recorded in printed Medical Registers as having been employed in Peterborough in 1779, 1780 and 1783. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Parnham, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Parnham submitted a dissertation titled ‘Dissertatio inauguralis de cystirrhoea’ at the University of Edinburgh in 1772. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    Pearson, George (Dr)
    Physician and chemist
    (c1751 - 1828)    		 Pearson was baptized in Rotherham, Yorkshire, in 1751. He received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1773. Pearson also studied chemistry under Joseph Black. He worked at St Thomas’s Hospital in London and then as chief physician at St George's Hospital, London. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1791 and served on the society’s council. His contributions to chemistry included discovering that sodium carbonate could be decomposed, the discovery of calcium phosphide and the observation of the spontaneous combustion in air of the gas phosphine.
    Percival, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1740 - 1804)    		 Percival was born in Warrington, Lancashire. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and Leiden University. He worked as a physician first in Warrington and then, from 1767, in Manchester. Percival was a founding member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. His publications included ‘Essays medical and experimental’ (1767) and ‘Medical ethics; or a code of institutes and precepts, adapted to the professional interests of physicians and surgeons’ (1803).
    Platter, Felix (Dr)
    Physician
    (1536 - 1614)    		 Platter was a Swiss physician, the son of a Lutheran teacher and printer. Platter received his MD from the University of Montpellier in 1557. After returning to Basel that same year he established a successful medical practice and became professor of practical medicine at the University of Basel. Platter produced a number of medical texts, including ‘Praxeos Medicae’ (1602).
    Plenck, Joseph (Mr)
    Surgeon and chemist
    (1735 - 1807)    		 Plenck was born in Vienna. He apprenticed in surgery and served in the Seven Years War. He graduated from the University of Vienna after studying surgery and obstetrics but did not receive an MD. He became the director of military pharmacies in Vienna and, in 1786, was appointed professor of chemistry and botany at the Military Academy in Vienna. Various sources give differing birth and death dates for Plenck.
    Plunket, Unknown (Unknown)
    Quack
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 The case notes refer to a family of empirics, or quack doctors, in Ireland. No further information has been identified about these individuals.
    Pomme, Pierre (Dr)
    Physician
    (1735 - 1812)    		 Pomme graduated from the Montpellier School of Medicine in 1747. He was appointed as Consulting doctor of the King and Grand Falconer in 1767. In 1803 he was admitted to the Academic Society of Sciences of Paris. Pomme’s most influential work was ‘Traité des affections vaporeuses des deux sexes: ou Maladies nerveuses, vulgairement appelées maux de nerfs’. Various sources give differing birth and death dates for Pomme.
    Pott, Percivall (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (1714 - 1788)    		 Percivall Pott was born in London. In 1729 Pott served as an apprentice to Edward Nourse, assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital. Pott became assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's in 1745 and full surgeon from 1749 to 1787. In 1753 Pott and William Hunter were elected as the first lecturers in anatomy to the Company, with Pott becoming a member of the court of examiners in 1763 and master of the Company in 1765.
    Power, Unknown (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Power was active as a surgeon in England in the late 1770s. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Pringle, John (Sir)
    Physician
    (1707 - 1782)    		 Pringle attended the University of St Andrews before a year in Edinburgh. He received his MD from Leiden University. In 1742 the earl of Stair, commander of the British Army in Flanders, appointed Pringle as his personal physician and he was put in charge of the military hospital. In 1745 Pringle was appointed 'Physician General to His Majesty's Forces in the Low Countries and beyond the seas'. Pringle was appointed physician to King George III and Queen Charlotte, a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and, in 1772, President of the Royal Society. In 1766 he was awarded a baronetcy by the King for recognition of his work.
    Ray, John (Mr)
    Naturalist
    (1627 - 1705)    		 Ray was born in Essex. He attended Cambridge University. After completing his studies, he then when on to teach a range of subjects at the university, including Greek and mathematics. Ray took holy orders in 1660. Ray published books on botany and zoology, including ‘Historia Plantarum’.
    Ricard, Unknown (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Ricard was a French surgeon. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Rowly; Rowley, William (Mr)
    British man-midwife and surgeon
    (1742 - 1806)    		 After completing his apprenticeship at St Thomas's Hospital, London, Rowley (also known as Rowly) became a surgeon, serving in the army from 1760 to 1765. In 1766 he established a general practice in London, and in April 1774 was awarded MD at the University of St Andrews. He matriculated from St Alban's Hall, Oxford, in 1780 and graduated with a BA in 1784 at the age of 42, MA in 1787 and MV in 1788, however he was refused the degree of MD because of technical transgressions against the university statutes. Rowley was the physician at the Marylebone Infirmary. He described himself as a man-midwife, and was consulting physician to the Queen's Lying-in Hospital, as well as practicing ophthalmic and general surgery.
    Russell, Balfour (Dr)
    Physician
    (1733 - 1761)    		 Balfour Russell attended the University of Edinburgh. He was a pupil and friend of William Cullen and obtained his MD in 1759, after training as a surgeon-apothecary for three years from 1752.
    Sagar, Johann Baptist Michael Edler von (Unknown)
    Nosologist
    (1702 - 1778)    		 Sagar was a nosologist whose work influenced, among others, the Edinburgh physician Dr William Cullen. Sagar's most influential publication was 'Systema morborum symptomaticum secundum classes, ordines, genera et species, cum characteribus, differentiis et therapeiis'.
    Sanden, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1752 - 1840)    		 Sanden wrote 'Short Strictures on the Method of Treatment Recommended by Dr Dawson, in the Acute Rhematism' (1782), and 'A Tribute to the Memory of John Bayly, MD' (1816). Sanden founded the Chichester Dispensary with Reverend William Walker in 1784. He was a cousin of John Bayly, physician (1735-1815).
    Saunders, William (Dr)
    Physician
    (1743 - 1817)    		 Saunders was born in Banff, Scotland. He studied at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MD in 1765. Saunders set up his practice in London and began lecturing in materia medica and medicine at Guy’s Hospital. He also began offering clinical lectures. Saunders later published ‘Observations on the superior Efficacy of the Red Peruvian Bark’ (1782).
    Sibbald, Robert (Sir)
    Physician and geographer
    (1641 - 1722)    		 Sibbald studied at the University of Edinburgh, first receiving his MA and then studying divinity. In 1660 Sibbald travelled to Leiden to study medicine. He then went to Paris and moved to Angers, where he graduated MD in 1662. After briefly living in London, he returned to Scotland in 1662, settling in Edinburgh. Sibbald was instrumental in developing Edinburgh’s physic garden, in the foundation of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and in the production of the 'Pharmacopeia Edinburgensis'. In 1685 he became the first professor of medicine at Edinburgh University. Sibbald was knighted in 1682 and appointed physician-in-ordinary to King Charles II, as well as serving as physician to his successor King James II and VII, he was also made geographer royal for Scotland.
    Simmons, Samuel Foart (Dr)
    Physician
    (1750 - 1813)    		 Simmons studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and was awarded an MD at Leiden in 1776. Simmons was appointed, first as physician to the Westminster General Dispensary in 1780 and then physician to the Bethlem Hospital in 1781. His main contribution was the publication of the ‘Medical Register’ in 1779, 1780 and 1783, the ‘London Medical Journal’ and ‘Medical Facts and Observations’.
    Simson, James (Dr)
    Physician
    (1740 - 1770)    		 Son of Thomas Simson, a Scottish medical academic at the University of St Andrews, Simson was awarded the degree of MD. He succeeded his father as the second Chandos Professor at the University of St Andrews in 1764, a post he held until his death in 1770. His library was bequeathed to the University of St Andrews in 1770.
    Sloane, Hans (Dr)
    Physician
    (1660 - 1753)    		 Sir Hans Sloane was born in county Down in 1660. He moved to London in the 1680s to study chemistry, anatomy, physic and botany. He obtained his doctorate at the University of Orange in 1683. He then attended the University of Montpellier and in 1684 returned to London. In 1687 Sloane set sail with the governor of Jamaica, the second duke of Albemarle, to act as the duke’s personal physician. Sloane spent over a year in Jamaica, studying the natural environment. In 1689, after the death of the duke, Sloane returned to England. In 1694 he was appointed physician in charge of Christ’s Hospital, London. He became president of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1719. He also acted as personal physician to a succession of monarchs. Sloane died in 1753 in Chelsea.
    Smith, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Smith was a physician who described Angina Pectoris. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Smyth, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Smyth was a physician in Dublin. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas von (Dr)
    Physician
    (1755 - 1830)    		 Sömmerring was born in Thorn, Prussia. He studied medicine at the University of Göttingen. Sömmerring was made a professor of anatomy, first at the Collegium Carolinum in Kassel and then at the University of Mainz. In 1804 Sömmerring took up a post at the Academy of Science of Bavaria, based in Munich. Sömmerring published widely, on subjects including medicine, anthropology, anatomy, palaeontology, astronomy and philosophy.
    Spens, Nathaniel (Dr)
    Physician
    (1728 - 1815)    		 Born in Fife, Spens studied medicine at the University of St Andrews before moving to Edinburgh to practise. He became a member of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1751. After practising in Edinburgh, Spens became steadily more interested in the practice of physic, becoming a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1773 and a Fellow of the College the following year, going on to be Treasurer. Spens was a member of the Royal Company of Archers, which is said to be the first military body in the service of the British Crown to adapt tartan in their uniform.
    Spens, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1764 - 1842)    		 Spens studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh qualifying MD in 1784. He worked as a physician at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and Edinburgh Lunatic Asylum. In 1803 he succeeded William Wright as President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh after serving as Treasurer. Like his father, Nathaniel Spens, Thomas was a member of the Royal Company of Archers and succeeded the role of President from Charles Stuart of Dunearn.
    Stahl, George Ernst (Dr)
    Physician, chemist and philosopher
    (1659 - 1734)    		 Born in Ansbach (Germany), Stahl enrolled at the University of Jena in 1679 to study medicine. He qualified as a doctor in 1684 and three years later was appointed as the private physician of Sachsen-Weimar's Duke Johann Ernst. In 1715, he was appointed first personal physician to Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, and he relocated to Berlin. There, he was also the director of the Collegium Medicum, the supervisory body for physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists.
    Stedman, John (Dr)
    Physician
    (1710 - 1791)    		 Stedman was born in Dunfermline, in 1710. In the 1730s he attended the University of Edinburgh where he obtained his MD. In 1740 he was appointed surgeon-major to the North British Dragoons and was present at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743. After returning to Scotland, Stedman became a Fellow of the Philosophical Society and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He obtained the post of surgeon to the Merchant Maiden Hospital and the post of a physician-in-ordinary to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. In 1783 he became one of the founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
    Stevenson, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Stevenson was a medical student at the University of Edinburgh and his inaugural dissertation was on the subject of the medical uses of electricity.
    Sutton, Thomas (Mr)
    Surgeon, inoculator
    (1735 - 1819)    		 Sutton was born in Kenton, Suffolk. He trained under his father, who was a surgeon, apothecary and inoculator. He then became an assistant to an Essex doctor before setting up his own practice. Sutton disagreed with the long preparatory period and subsequent confinement which was recommended by inoculators to their patients. He established a simplified, although still complex, procedure and set up inoculation houses across England to carry out the procedure. Sutton carried out mass inoculations of entire towns and districts. His brothers and his son, Daniel, followed him into the business, and they began to be referred to collectively as the ‘Sutton inoculators’.
    Sydenham, Thomas (Dr)
    Physician
    (1624 - 1689)    		 Sydenham was baptized in 1624 in Dorset. Although he matriculated at Oxford University in 1642 the outbreak of the English Civil War led to his leaving the university to join the parliamentary militia before his studies were complete. Sydenham took up a position with the exchequer, known as the office of comptroller of the pipe, in the mid-1650s. Although it has been suggested that Sydenham subsequently travelled to Montpellier and studied there, there is a lack of evidence to corroborate this. At some point in the 1850s Sydenham travelled to London and began to style himself as ‘Dr’, in spite of the fact he did not hold an MD. He only graduated MD, from Cambridge University, late in life – in 1676.
    Timmerman, Unknown (Unknown)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 Employed Belladonna as a treatment for cancer around the beginning of the 1700s. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Tissot, Samuel Auguste (Dr)
    Physician
    (1728 - 1797)    		 Tissot practiced in the Swiss city of Lausanne. He wrote on the diseases of the poor, on masturbation, on the diseases of men of letters and of rich people, and nervous diseases.
    Tulp, Nicolaes (Mr)
    Physician
    (1593 - 1674)    		 Tulp was born Claes Pieterszoon, in Amsterdam. He studied medicine at Leiden University. After returning to Amsterdam Tulp adopted the tulip as his heraldric emblem and changed his name to Nicolaes (a more proper version of the name Claes) Tulp. He began working in local politics as city treasurer, and in 1622, became a magistrate in Amsterdam. In 1628 Tulp was appointed Praelector Anatomiae at the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons. Tulp was one of the authors of the first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam. Tulp became Mayor of Amsterdam in 1654.
    Tyson, Edward (Dr)
    Physician and comparative anatomist
    (1651 - 1708)    		 Tyson was born in Somerset. He received a BA from Oxford University in 1670, an MA from Oxford in 1673 and an MD from Cambridge University in 1678. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1683. He was appointed as physician and a governor of the Bethlem Hospital in London in the 1680s.
    Unknown, Unknown (Dr)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 It is likely that the name 'Huck', as written in the case notes, is an abbreviation of the actual surname. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Unknown, Unknown (Unknown)
    Unknown
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 The context of this entry relates to cinchona classification, which may suggest the individual is Richard Pulteney (1730-1801). However, the spelling and abbreviation of the name makes it impossible to say with certainty.
    van Doeveren, Gualtherus (Prof)
    Dutch physician
    (1730 - 1783)    		 Van Doeveren graduated MD from Leiden University in 1753, with his dissertation regarding intestinal worms appearing in French in 1764 before being translated to German. He kept a medical practice in Leiden before being offered a position at the University of Groningen, taking up his professorship there in 1754, teaching physiology, surgery, pathology and obstetrics. Van Doeveren was rector of the university for the sessions 1761-172 and 1769-1770. His medical skills became more well known in Leiden, and he was appointed professor of medicine and obstetrics in 1771.
    van Swieten, Gerard (Dr)
    Physician
    (1700 - 1772)    		 Van Swieten studied philosophy and later pharmacy and medicine at Leiden University, obtaining his MD in 1725. He set up a private practice in Leiden and began to give private lessons in pharmacy and materia medica. He did not hold a licence to teach and in 1734 the university forbade him from continuing. As Van Swieten was a Catholic it was not permitted for him to teach at the university. In 1744 he took up the position of personal physician of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresia as well as that of court librarian.
    Vogel, Rudolf Augustin (Dr)
    Physician and naturalist
    (1724 - 1774)    		 Vogel studied at Erfurt, Leipzig and Berlin, receiving his medical degree from Erfurt in 1747. In 1753, he became a professor of medicine at the University of Göttingen.
    von Herrenschwand, Johann Friedrich (Dr)
    Physician
    (1715 - 1798)    		 Herrenschwand was a military doctor in Flanders, later becoming the personal physician to the Landgrave Friedrich Jakob von Hessen-Homburg in 1740. He was the city doctor of Murten between 1743 and 1745, and also became the personal physician to the Hereditary Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Gotha, later becoming a doctor of the Swiss guard regiment in 1750. He returned to Murten in 1755 where he was the personal physician to Duke Friedrich III of Saxe-Gotha from 1757. Herrenschwand was personal physician to King Stanislaus II August Poniatowski, king of Poland from 1764.
    von Störck, Anton (Dr)
    Physician
    (1731 - 1803)    		 Störck was the deacon of the medical faculty and rector at the University of Vienna. In 1767 he treated empress Maria Theresa of Austria for smallpox and became her personal physician following her recovery. In 1758 he became the 'first physician' to the Vienna urban institute for the poor, and from 1764 he was physician to Emperor Franz I, Stephan of Frankfurt am Maine and to the Dukes Joseph and Leopold. He was made Baron in 1775.
    Wall, Martin (Dr)
    Physician and chemist
    (1747 - 1824)    		 Wall was baptised in Worcester in 1747. He graduated BA from Oxford University in 1770 and graduated MD from Oxford in 1771. He carried out further medical studies at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, and in Edinburgh. After moving back to Oxford he was appointed as physician to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1775 and then as Professor of Clinical Medicine at Oxford in 1785. Various sources give differing birth and death dates for Wall.
    Ward, Joshua (Mr)
    Quack
    (1685 - 1761)    		 Ward was born in Yorkshire and, after briefly sitting as a Member of Parliament for Marlborough, Ward practiced as a quack doctor, first in Paris and then in London. Although Ward often referred to himself in print as Dr Ward, no evidence has been identified to suggest he held an MD. Ward developed a number of patent medicines, which were known by a variety of names, including ‘Ward’s Volatile Liniment’, ‘Ward’s Volatile Elixir’, ‘Ward’s Pill’ and ‘Ward’s Pill and Drop’. He claimed these medicines could cure any ailment.
    Webster, Charles (Dr)
    Physician
    (1750 - 1795)    		 From 1778 Webster was appointed as physician to the Edinburgh dispensary jointly with Dr Andrew Duncan. Webster also taught chemistry and pharmacy in Duncan’s extramural school. He was then incumbent of St Paul’s Church, Jeffrey Street.
    White, William (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 White was a physician in York. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Whytt, Robert (Dr)
    Physician
    (1714 - 1766)    		 Robert Whytt was born in Edinburgh. After studying at the University of Edinburgh, in 1734, Whytt went to London and then Paris and Leiden to continue his medical studies. He obtained his MD at Rheims in 1736 and then a further MD from the University of St. Andrews in 1737. Whytt established a private practice in Edinburgh. In 1751, Whytt published a major work, 'Essay on the Vital and other Involuntary Motions of Animals'.
    Wood, Andrew (Mr)
    Surgeon
    (1742 - 1821)    		 Wood was a surgeon in Edinburgh, he was admitted into the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1769. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    Wright, William (Dr)
    Physician
    (1735 - 1819)    		 William Wright was born in March 1735 in Perthshire. In 1756, Wright attended medical lectures at Edinburgh University, but did not obtain a degree. After working for some years as a ship surgeon, Wright received his MD in absentia from St Andrews. Wright left for Jamaica in 1764. Wright is particularly associated with his work on slave plantations, his ownership of enslaved people and his writings defending slavery and racial supremacy. In 1774 he was appointed Surgeon-General of Jamaica. Wright became physician to the army and director of military hospitals in Barbados from 1796 to 1798.
    Young, Unknown (Dr)
    Physician
    (Unknown - Unknown)    		 The case notes identify that Dr Young was practicing in Edinburgh during the period the notes were written (1778). There were multiple individuals with the name Dr Young practicing in Edinburgh at that time, including Dr James Young and Dr Archibald Young. It has not been possible with the information available to ascertain which of these individuals this refers to.
    • Aikin, Arthur (Mr)
      Chemist
      (1773 - 1854)

      Aikin was born at Warrington. He attended the Free School at Warrington from the age of 6 and from 1784 a school at Palgrave on the Norfolk-Suffolk border. After this he became one of the first students at the Unitarian Academy at Hackney which opened in September 1786. There he was taught history and chemistry by Dr Joseph Priestly. At first, Aikin chose to follow in his grandfather’s footsteps as a Unitarian minister but then changed to devote his career to literary and scientific work, writing and lecturing.
    • Alston, Charles (Dr)
      Physician and botanist
      (1683 - 1760)

      The third son of Thomas Alston, a physician of Thrinacre Milne and Eddlewood. Alston began studying at Glasgow University in 1700, but his father's death in 1703 left the family impoverished and so he decided not to graduate. The Duchess of Hamilton, however, recognizing his promise, arranged for him to receive some legal training under a writer to the signet, James Anderson, in Edinburgh. Three years later the Duchess employed Alston as her 'principal servant' in her household at Hamilton.
    • Anderson, James (Mr)
      Surgeon and horticulturist
      (1738 - 1809)

      Born at Long Hermiston near Edinburgh, James Anderson was the son of Andrew Anderson, a local doctor. Following his education at the Ratho village school, Anderson studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He then became a surgeon on an East India Company ship in 1759, a position he took up again in 1761. He was an assistant surgeon in the Madras presidency in India in 1765. In 1781, Anderson was appointed surgeon-general, and after the formation of the Madras Medical Board in 1786 was elected its first president. He eventually became physician-general.
    • Andry, Nicholas (Dr)
      Physician and writer
      (1658 - 1742)

      Andry was born in Lyon in Saint Nizier. He first started studying theology but then went to study medicine, first at the Faculty of Rheims and then afterwards in Paris. His first book was published in 1700 and was titled ‘The generation of worms in the human body’. The different kinds and types of this disease and the ways of preventing and curing it’. His other books included ‘L’orthopedie’ (1741). This was translated into English in 1742 with the title ‘Orthopaedia or the art of correcting and preventing deformities in children.’
    • Astruc, Jean (Dr)
      French Physician
      (1684 - 1766)

      Born in Sauve, France, Astruc studied medicine and became professor of anatomy in Toulouse, Montpellier and Paris. Author of many books of different medical topics including pathology, therapy, venereology, paediatrics and midwifery. He is also famous for being the physician to his Majesty the King of France Augustus II the Strong. His most well-known treatise was ‘De Morbis venereis Libri novem’ which consisted of two volumes and specifically concerned venereal diseases.
    • Bacher, Georges Frédéric (Mr)
      Physician
      (1709 - 1795)

      George Frédéric Bacher was a German physician. One of his most famous treatises was titled 'Treatises on Dropsy', dropsy being the main focus of his work. He dedicated most of his professional work towards finding a new cure for dropsy (also called edema) and discovered new uses for black hellebore. His son Alexandre André Philippe Frédérich Bacher (1740-1807) also worked in medicine and was a contributor to the 'Journal de Medicine'.
    • Baldinger, Ernst Gottfried (Dr)
      Physician and botanist
      (1738 - 1804)

      Ernst Gottfried Baldinger was born in Großvargula near Erfurt, Germany. He studied medicine at Erfurt, Halle and Jena, earning his MD in 1760 under the tutelage of Ernst Anton Nicolai. In 1761, he was appointed superintendent of the military hospitals associated with the Prussian encampment near Torgau.
    • Bancroft, Edward (Dr)
      Physician
      (1745 - 1821)

      Bancroft was born in Westfield, Massachusetts and stayed there for the first five years of his life. He then moved to Connecticut where he studied under Silas Deane, who later became an important politician. At sixteen years old Bancroft became an apprentice physician but only studied for a few years in his teens.
    • Bell, Benjamin (Dr)
      Surgeon
      (1749 - 1806)

      Bell was born in Dumfries, Scotland, which is where he started his medical training by becoming apprentice to the surgeon James Hill. In 1766 Bell moved to Edinburgh to study medicine at Edinburgh University. His publications include ‘A system of Surgery’ which consisted of six volumes published between 1783 and 1788 as well as his ‘Treatise on Gonorrhoea virulenta and Lues venerea’ (1793) which contained one of the earliest suggestions that syphilis and gonorrhoea were different diseases.
    • Birch, John (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (c1740s - 1815)

      In 1763 Birch was apprenticed to the surgeon Thomas Smith for the fee of £400. He was admitted to the Surgeon’s Company in 1770 and established his practice in London. He purchased a commission as a surgeon to the Horse Grenadier Guards in 1770 which he retired from in 1779. From 1784, he was a surgeon at St Thomas’s Hospital, later becoming surgeon-extraordinary to the Prince Regent, later King George IV.
    • Black, Joseph (Dr)
      Physicist and Chemist
      (1728 - 1799)

      Black was born in Bordeaux. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, thereafter Black succeed William Cullen as Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766. He continued teaching at Edinburgh for more than 30 years.
    • Blackburne, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1749 - 1782)

      Blackburne was educated at Charterhouse School, and went on to pursue a BA degree at St. Peters College, Cambridge. He then studied medicine in Edinburgh. He was a member of the Medical Societies of London and Edinburgh after leaving university, and went on to practise medicine in Durham. Author of ‘Dissertatio de Medici Institutis’ (‘Dissertation on Medical Institutions’) which was published in 1775. Author of ‘An Account of four Cases of Tenia successfully treated’ in a letter to Dr Samuel Foart Simmons, published by the latter in an Appendix to his ‘Account of the Tenia’ which was published in 1778.
    • Boerhaave, Herman (Dr)
      Dutch botanist/physician
      (1668 - 1738)

      Boerhaave studied philosophy at the University of Leiden graduating in 1684, he also studied medicine later in 1693 at the academy at Harderwijk. His professional life was spent at the University of Leiden serving under various job titles including professor of botany and of medicine, rector of the university, professor of practical medicine, and professor of chemistry.
    • Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, François (Dr)
      Physician and botanist
      (1706 - 1767)

      Sauvages studied botany at the University of Montpellier and served as a professor of physiology and pathology at the university from 1734. Later he became the Chair of Botany in 1740. He made important improvements to its botanical garden, including the construction of its first greenhouse. In 1748 Sauvages was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society the following year. He published his first work 'Nouvelles classes de maladies' in 1731.
    • Bonnet, Charles (Mr)
      Botanist, naturalist, and philosopher
      (1720 - 1793)

      Bonnet was born in Geneva, Switzerland into an aristocratic family. He was originally privately educated until 1735 when he went to the Calvinist Academy to study classics. He went on to study law and whilst he continued his profession as a lawyer, he had a passion and talent for natural science. In the insect world, he is most famous for discovering parthenogenesis, which is when a female insect can reproduce without fertilisation from a male. He is also well known for describing symptoms of a condition which is now known as the Charles Bonnet Syndrome. In 1760 he started to document the symptoms of the syndrome that occurred in his grandfather, the symptoms included a decline in eyesight and hallucinations. His publications include ‘raite d’insectologie’ (Treaty on Insectology) in 1745, ‘Recherches sur l’usage des feuilles dans les plantes’ (Research in the Usage of Leaves of Plants) in 1754.
    • Boyle, Robert (Mr)
      Natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor.
      (1627 - 1691)

      Boyle was born County Waterford, Ireland, and was the youngest son of Richard Boyle, first Earl of Cork and Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. Aged eight Boyle was sent to Eton College with his brother, Francis.
    • Brown, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (1735 - 1788)

      Creator of the Brunonian system of medicine which is a system that regards and treats medical disorders on whether they cause excessive or low excitation, also called “excitability” theory.
    • Butler, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Proponent of the medicinal use of cicuta.
    • Butter, William (Dr)
      Physician
      (1726 - 1805)

      Butter studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, graduating MD in 1761. His treatises 'On the Kink-Cough' (whooping cough) in 1773 and 'An Account of Puerperal Fevers as they appear in Derbyshire in 1775' increased his reputation. Butter also published works relating to angina pectoris and is believed to have tried to open the carotid artery of a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary, which was abandoned only when the patient fainted after the first incision.
    • Campbell, Alexander (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Studied for his MD at the University of Edinburgh and graduated in 1778. He went on to join the Indian Medical Service in 1780. Author of ‘Dissertatio medica inauguralis, proponens observationes quasdam, de acido vitriolico’ (‘Inaugural medical dissertation, proposing certain observations, on vitriolic acid’) which was published in 1778.
    • Carburi, Giovanni Battista (Unknown)
      Unknown
      (1722 - 1804)

      On 31 August 1775, Carburi contributed his signature to ‘Traitement contre le ténia ou ver solitaire, pratiqué à Morat en Suisse [by Madame Nouffer], examiné & éprouvé à Paris’ (‘Treatment against tapeworm or solitary worm, practiced in Morat in Switzerland [by Madame Nouffer], examined & tested in Paris’).
    • Carmichael-Smyth, James (Dr)
      Physician
      (1742 - 1821)

      Smyth was born in Fife. He received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1764. In 1768 Smyth set up a practice in London and was appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1775. Smyth’s publications included studies on contagion, nitrous acid and hydrocephalus. In the early 1800s he was appointed physician-extraordinary to George III.
    • Cavendish, Henry (Dr)
      Chemist and physicist
      (1731 - 1810)

      One of the greatest experimental chemist and physicists of the time, particularly known for his research into the composition of atmospheric air, properties of different gases, theories of heat and density of the earth. The Cavendish experiment is named after his experiment which aimed to try and weigh planet Earth. Henry went to the Hackney Academy, a private school near London, and in 1748 entered Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where he remained for three years before he left without taking a degree which was common in those days. He then built his own laboratory in London from which he conducted his experiments. His 1766 paper On Factitious Airs is notable where he noted his experiments on as his called it “inflammable air”, which was the first discovery of hydrogen.
    • Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (NA)
      Roman medical writer.
      (c25 BC - c50 AD)

      Celsus was the author of an encyclopaedia which covered a vast number of topics including agriculture, military art, rhetoric, philosophy, law and medicine. The only part to survive was the medical section which was published in 1478 as ‘De medicina’.
    • Cheyne, George (Dr)
      Physician.
      (1672 - 1743)

      Cheyne was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. He attended medical school in Edinburgh under the tuition of Dr. Pitcairn. After completing his medical qualification, he moved to London where in 1702 he set up his own medical practice. After various wobbles with his own health, he later set up another medical practice in Bath and became a well-known physician, he was a keen advocate for vegetarianism which started to catch on with some of the wealthy elite of the time. Cheyne wrote several books that covered various topics including nutrition, exercise, and depression. His most famous was ‘An Essay on Health and Long Life’ which was published in 1724. He was considered the 18th century health and exercise guru despite his own ill health and weight issues.
    • Cleghorn, George (Dr)
      Physician
      (1716 - 1789)

      Cleghorn was one of the founders of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. He became surgeon to a regiment that was stationed in Minorca and published the observations he made there in his work ‘Observations on the Epidemical Diseases in Minorca from the Year 1744 to 1749’, which was published in 1751. Cleghorn is credited with demonstrating that quinine bark was effective as a remedy against malaria. He was also the first person to describe infectious hepatitis.
    • Collin, Heinrich Joseph (Dr)
      Physician
      (1731 - 1784)

      Born in Vienna, Collin qualified as a doctor in 1760 and while working at the Pazmann Infirmary, he researched the effects of various remedies to diseases. He published his findings from his hospital residency in multiple works, including 'Observationum circa morbos acutos et chronicos factarum pars II-VI'.
    • Cook, James (Captain)
      Explorer and navigator
      (1728 - 1779)

      Was born near Middlesbrough in Yorkshire, at 17 years old he moved to Whitby by the coast working with a coal merchant. After 10 years he decided to join the Royal Navy, during which he learnt to survey and chart coastal waters in North America. He showed great talent and advanced rapidly through the ranks and at the age of 29 was made ship master. On his ship HMB Endeavour he commanded the first scientific expedition to the Pacific where he chartered New Zealand and the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. He is also known for preventing scurvy on his ships through proper sanitation and ventilation as well as a diet of cress, sauerkraut and orange extract.
    • Coste, Jean-François (Dr)
      Physician
      (1741 - 1819)

      Coste was born in France, he was first educated in Belley and Lyon before moving to Paris to study medicine, in 1763 he gained his Doctorate in Valencia. He became a well-known physician in France, and eventually after practising in Calais he became the chief physician of the French expeditionary forces in the American revolution in 1780. During the war he treated both French and American troops, for his efforts he earned an honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from William and Mary College.
    • Cothenius, Christian Andreas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1708 - 1789)

      In 1728, Cothenius studied medicine at the University of Halle where he earned his doctorate and studied under the well-known physician Friedrich Hoffmann. He began his career as town physician in Havelberg in 1738, and by 1750 had been appointed royal physician to Friedrich II. He served as a military doctor in the Seven Years’ War between 1756 and 1763. During his career, he introduced the use of vitriolic acid as a treatment for Psora. The Cothenius medal, awarded by Leopoldina of Halle ‘in recognition of the ability of those who promote the well-being of mortals’, was named after him.
    • Crawford, Adair (Dr)
      Chemist
      (1748 - 1795)

      Crawford was born in Northern Ireland. He studied medicine at Glasgow University, being awarded MD in 1780. Crawford then became a physician at the General dispensary in London and then a physician to St. Thomas’ hospital.
    • Crawford, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Thomas Crawford studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh from 1768 until 1771. He was the author of ‘Disquisitio medica inauguralis de cynanche stridula’ (‘Inaugural medical treatise on cynanche stridula’) in 1771.
    • Cullen, William (Dr)
      Chemist, physician, lecturer
      (1710 - 1790)

      William Cullen was born in Hamilton, near Glasgow. His father was an attorney and agent for the Duke of Hamilton, and the proprietor of a small estate in Bothwell. Cullen’s education started at the local grammar school before enrolling at Glasgow University in 1726 where he studied arts.
    • Darwin, Erasmus (Dr)
      Physician
      (1731 - 1802)

      Darwin studied medicine at Edinburgh in the 1750s. His books included ‘Zoonomia’ (1794) and ‘Loves of the Plants’ which published in two parts in 1789 and 1791 and ‘The Temple of Nature’ (1803).
    • Darwin, Charles (Mr)
      Medical student
      (1758 - 1778)

      Darwin attended school in Lichfield, and in 1775 was matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford. Within a year, he chose to leave Oxford for the University of Edinburgh, where he befriended Andrew Duncan, then a clinical teacher. In 1778 he submitted a dissertation on the distinctions between mucus and pus to the Aesculapian Society, founded in 1773 by Duncan, which won him the society's first annual gold medal. He prepared a thesis on 'Retrograde Motions of the Lymphatic Vessels in Some Diseases', but died before graduating due to an injury gained during a dissection. His father published Darwin’s work in 1780, entitled ‘Experiments establishing a criterion between mucaginous and purulent matter. And an account of the retrograde motions of the absorbent vessels of animal bodies in some diseases’. An unpublished manuscript entitled ‘What are the established varieties of the pulse, their causes & use in medicine’ may also have been written by Darwin.
    • Dawson, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (c1725 - 1782)

      Dawson attended Kendal Academy from 1746 and studied for his MD at Glasgow College from 1749 until 1753. After his graduation, he briefly worked as a minister in Hackney but soon switched to practising medicine in London. He was physician at Middlesex Hospital for two years beginning in 1759, was admitted as licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1762, and was physician at the London Hospital from 1964 until 1770; he also saw patients at Batson’s Coffee House in Cornhill. He published ‘Cases in the Acute Rheumatism and the Gout, with Cursory Remarks and the Method of Treatment’ in 1774, and ‘An Account of a Safe and Efficient Remedy for Sore Eyes and Eyelids’ in 1782.
    • De Haen, Anton (Dr)
      Austrian physician
      (1704 - 1776)

      Born in the Hague, de Haen studied medicine in Leiden under Hermann Boerhaave. In 1754 he went to the University of Vienna where he became the head of its medical clinic. He notably taught students at the bedsides of patients.
    • Degner, Johann Hartmann (Dr)
      Physician
      (1687 - 1756)

      Johann Hartmann Degner began studying law at Halle, but moved on to study his real passion of medicine and in 1717 he received his M.D. from the University of Utrecht. After working in Elberfeld for a year, he went to work as a doctor in Nijmegen in 1719, and became mayor to the city in 1951. In 1729, he published ‘Dissertatio physica de turfis, sistens historiam naturalem cespitum combustilium qui in multis Europae regionibus, et praecipue in Hollandia reperiuntur, ac ligni loco usurpantur’ (‘A physical treatise on turfs, showing the natural history of the combustible turfs which are found in many parts of Europe, and especially in Holland, and are used instead of wood.’) in 1729. He wrote about the Ruhr epidemic of 1736 in ‘Historia medica de dysenteria bilioso-contagiosa, quae 1736 Neomagi et in vicinis ei pagis epidemice grassata fuit’ (‘A medical history of bilious-contagious dysentery, which in 1736 was an epidemic in Neomagi and neighboring villages’), published in 1738.
    • Dioscorides, Pedanius (Dr)
      Physician, pharmacologist, botanist
      (c40 - c90)

      Dioscorides likely studied medicine at the school in Tarsus, which was near his home city Anazarbus in Cilicia. The school had a pharmacological emphasis, with Dioscordies dedicating his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there. Whilst he is said to have served in the Roman army as a physician, his pharmacopoeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean. This indicates that it is unlikely that he served in campaigns or travelled outside of that region. As Padanius is a Roman name, this also indicates that he was sponsored by an aristocrat of this name to become a Roman citizen.
    • Dobson, Matthew (Dr)
      Physician and natural philosopher
      (1732 - 1784)

      Dobson enrolled at the University of Glasgow in 1750 where he assisted William Cullen with his experiments on evaporation. Cullen also encouraged Dobson to investigate the effects of temperature and chemistry, topics that continued to be a lifelong fascination. After graduating in 1753, Dobson attended the Edinburgh Medical School, becoming a member of the Medical Society (later known as the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh), graduating MD in 1756 with his thesis on menstruation.
    • Eason, Alexander (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Eason was an army surgeon of the 18th Regiment of Dragoons. He was author of 'An Account of the Effects of Electricity in removing a fixed Contraction of the Fingers'.
    • Fontana, Felice (Mr)
      Italian Physicist
      (1730 - 1805)

      Fontana was educated in Rovereto, Verone, Parma and the University of Padua. He first began researching irritability and sensitivity of the parts of the animal body and published his findings in the collections ‘Mémoires sur les parties sensibles et irritables du corps animal.’ In 1765 Felice was appointed to the chair of logic and, in 1766, to the chair of physics at the University of Pisa. He is most well known for his experiments regarding viper poison and his publication ‘Traite sur le venin de la vipere’,1781.
    • Fordyce, George (Dr)
      Physician, lecturer and chemist
      (1736 - 1802)

      Fordyce was born in Aberdeen. He studied at the University of Aberdeen where he was made master of arts at only 14 years old. At the age of 15 he trained with his uncle Dr John Fordyce who was a physician in Uppingham. Fordyce then moved to Edinburgh where he graduated as doctor of medicine in 1758. He then went to London where he lectured on chemistry and medicine and was a physician at St. Thomas Hospital.
    • Foster , Unknown (Dr )
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown )

      No further information can be found regarding this practitioner.
    • Fothergill, John (Dr)
      Physician, naturalist, medical journalist and Quaker philanthropist
      (1712 - 1780)

      Born in Wensleydale, Yorkshire but settled in London after studying medicine at Edinburgh in the 1730s. Gave the first full and accurate description of trigeminal neuralgia in 1773. Edited and contributed to the London Medical Observations.
    • Fowler, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1736 - 1801)

      Born in Stafford, Fowler was best known for his Fowler’s solution which was used as a remedy for fever. The solution contained 1% potassium arsenite. He also published about the medical uses of tobacco such as in ‘Medical reports, of the effects of tobacco, in the cure of dropsies and dysuries, or cases of pain and difficulty of passing urine ... Together with observations--on the medicinal effects of tobacco, 1788.’
    • Gaber, Johannis Baptistae (Unknown)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Wrote three texts on animal fluids, the third called ‘De Humoribus Animalibus Specimen tertium'.
    • Gahn, Henry (Dr)
      Swedish Chemist and mineralogist
      (1745 - 1818)

      Was born in Voxnabruk, Hälsningland, Sweden and studied in Uppsala from 1762-1770. Gahn discovered the element manganese in 1774. He published very little, but some of his findings were recorded by colleagues at the time. He, along with Karl Scheele, performed experiments to determine importance of phosphorus in bones.
    • Galen, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician, writer and philosopher
      (129AD - c216AD)

      Galen became one of the most famous doctors of the Roman Empire and his theories were still prevalent as much as 1,500 years later. When he was 16 he began studying medicine which he studied at Pergamum (his birth town), at Smyrna, which is now modern day Turkey. He then studied at Alexandria in Egypt which was a renowned medical centre of its time. After which he returned to Pergamum where he became chief physician for gladiators that were under the power of the high priest of Asia. He then moved to Rome where he remained and was the physician for many emperors. He preferred the experimental method of medical investigation and from his examinations of dissected animals he started to make discoveries including that of urine being formed in the kidneys and arteries being a vessel for carrying blood.
    • Gard, Unknown (Mr)
      An Apothecary based in Edinburgh
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Gard could be an abbreviation of the individual's full surname.
    • Gaubius, Hieronymus David (Dr)
      Physician and chemist
      (1705 - 1780)

      Born in Heidelberg (Germany), Gaubius (or Gaub) was a German physician and chemist. After moving to live with his uncle Jan Gaubius in Amsterdam, who was also a physician, Gaubius developed an interest in medicine and began studying in Harderwyk and Leiden (Netherlands). In 1731, he took over as professor of chemistry and two years later as professor of medicine in Leiden. In 1760, he became court physician to the Prince of Orange. His works include 'Institutiones pathologiae medicinalis', a systematic glossary of definitions. He researched and used the popular nostrum called Luna Fixata (zinc flowers), which was used for epilepsy and which he allegedly learned about from the quack Luddemannus.
    • Glisson, Francis (Dr)
      British physician and anatomist
      (1597 - 1677)

      Glisson was born in Bristol, educated in both Dorset and then at Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College. He graduated in 1634. In 1636 he succeeded Dr Ralph Winterton as Regius professor of physic at Cambridge and continued to hold that position until his death in 1677. In 1639. His first work, ‘De Rachitide, seu Morbo Puerili’, was published in 1650.
    • Goulard, Thomas (Dr)
      French Surgeon
      (1697 - 1784)

      Was born at Saint-Nicholas-de-la-Grave near Montanbare. He majored at the Military Hospital at Montpellier and went on to become professor of surgery there. In 1766 he published his ‘Treatise on Lead’ whereby Goulard sets out explaining the many uses in which lead can be used to cure diseases. Most well-known for Goulard’s extract which was a solution of lead acetate and lead oxide which at the time was used as an astringent.
    • Graff, Eberhard Gottlieb (Dr)
      German philologist
      (1780 - 1841)

      Graff was born in Elbing Prussia. He was educated in Königsberg and in 1824 became a professor in German language. One of his notable works is ‘Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz’ (6 volumes, 1835–43).
    • Graham, Robert (Unknown)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Author of 'An Account of the Effects of Deadly Night-shade externally applied'.
    • Gray, Edward Whitaker (Dr)
      Philosopher and naturalist
      (1748 - 1807)

      Gray was librarian of the College of Physicians of London. He was later appointed keeper of the departments of natural history and antiquities of the British Museum. Gray was a fellow of the Royal Society.
    • Gregory, John (Dr)
      Physician and medical writer
      (1724 - 1773)

      Born in Aberdeen, Scotland, Gregory was the youngest son of James Gregorie (d.1731) who was a Professor of Medicine at King’s College, Aberdeen. In 1741-2 he started studying medicine at Edinburgh University after which he continued his studies at Leiden in 1745. After gaining his degree in 1746 he became professor of Philosophy at King’s College, he stayed in academia for a few years before deciding to continue in the medical profession. In 1764, Gregory moved back to Edinburgh after some time in London, he established a medical practice in Edinburgh and was appointed first physician to George III, and in 1766 was appointed Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh University. He gave lectures on medicine which were publicized in ‘Observations on the Duties and Offices of a Physician and on the Method of Prosecuting Enquiries in Philosophy’ (1770).
    • Griffith, Moses (Dr)
      Physician
      (1724 - 1785)

      Griffith was born at Lapidon, Shropshire and was educated at Shewsbury school. At the age of 18 he went to St. John’s College, Cambridge and from there went to study medicine at Leiden University, receiving his MD in 1744. In 1776 he published ‘Practical Observations on the Cure of the Hectic and Slow Fevers, and the Pulmonary Consumption’.
    • Guthrie, Matthew (Dr)
      Physician
      (1743 - 1807)

      Guthrie born in Edinburgh, and in 1764 started his medical education at the University of Edinburgh. He went on to complete his MD at St. Andrews University in 1770. Before this he practiced unqualified as a ship’s surgeon for the East India Company. In 1771 Guthrie moved to St. Petersburgh, Russia, where he became a physician to the first and second Imperial Corps of Noble Cadets. He also became personal councillor to the Russian Royal family. His publications include ‘Dissertations sur les antiquités de Russie’ (1795).
    • Hamilton, Alexander (Dr)
      Physician
      (1739 - 1802)

      Hamilton was born in Kincardineshire, Scotland. He was appointed as a surgeon to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in 1762. Hamilton began lecturing in midwifery, alongside Dr Thomas Young, at the University of Edinburgh in 1780. He was made sole professor in 1783. Hamilton was appointed Deacon of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1776 and, in 1791, he founded the Edinburgh Lying-In Hospital.
    • Hamilton, Robert (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Hamilton was a physician in Lyme Regis. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Hardy, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      It is possible that this individual is English physician James Hardy, however, there is insufficient evidence in the case notes to be sure of their identity.
    • Hart, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Hart’s inaugural dissertation at Leiden University was on the subject of the medicinal virtues of the flowers of zinc. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Haygarth, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (1740 - 1827)

      Haygarth was born in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He studied first at Cambridge University and the University of Edinburgh medical school, although he left without graduating. He then received his MB from Cambridge in 1766. After moving to Chester, he studied and published on the spread of fevers. Haygarth was one of the founders of the Smallpox Society of Chester. In 1798 Haygarth moved to Bath where he published a treatise on rheumatic fever and on gout.
    • Heberden, William (Dr)
      Physician
      (1710 - 1801)

      Heberden was born in Southwark, London. He received a BA from Cambridge University in 1728 and was awarded his MD in 1738. He then began lecturing in materia medica at Cambridge until he moved to London in 1748.
    • Helmich, Albertus (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Albertus Helmich was a physician from Berlin. He authored a treatise titled ‘Dissertatio inauguralis medica de usu interno olei vitrioli dilute in nonnullis scabiei specibus’. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Hendy, James (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Hendy received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1774. After graduating he took up practice in Barbados. His publications include ‘Tentamen physiologicum inaugurale, de secretione glandulari’ (1774) and ‘A treatise on the glandular disease of Barbadoes, proving it to be seated in the lymphatic system’ (1784).
    • Hewson, William (Mr)
      Surgeon and anatomist
      (1739 - 1774)

      Hewson was born in Hexham, Northumberland. After working as an apprentice in Newcastle Hewson moved to London and studied at St. Thomas’s and Guy’s hospitals. Hewson undertook further studies and research in Edinburgh, France and the Netherlands before returning to London. Working under the anatomist William Hunter, Hewson delivered lectures on anatomy before setting up his own lecture theatre in 1772.
    • Heysham, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (1753 - 1834)

      Heysham was born in Lancaster. He was apprenticed as a surgeon in Burton and then received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1777. He established a dispensary for the poor in Carlisle. His publications included ‘An Account of the Jail Fever at Carlisle’ (1781).
    • Hill, James (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (1703 - 1776)

      Hill was born in Kirkliston, close to Edinburgh. In 1723 Hill began a surgical apprenticeship. In 1730 he joined the navy and two years later returned to Dumfries to begin his surgical practice. Hill published a number of medical papers, his most significant work being ‘Cases in Surgery: Particularly of Cancers and Disorders of the Head from External Violence with Observations: to Which is Added an Account of the Sibbens’ (1772).
    • Hippocrates, Unknown (Unknown)
      Physician
      (c460 BCE - c370 BCE)

      Hippocrates was born on the island of Cos in Greece and died in Larissa (Thessaly, Greece). He is often considered the most famous and influential physician of antiquity. A lot of information about his life has to be taken from biographies written half a millennia after his death, and from collected medical writings known as the 'Hippocratic Corpus'. These were likely not written by Hippocrates himself but rather were based on his teachings and practices. Another part of his legacy, although he likely also did not write it himself, is the Hippocratic Oath, an ethical code of practice by which physicians and medical professionals should abide.
    • Hoffman, Friedrich (Dr)
      Physician and chemist
      (1660 - 1742)

      Friedrich Hoffmann (also spelled Hofmann or Hoffman) was a German physician and chemist, most renowned for publishing 'Medicina Rationalis Systematica' (1716). He studied mathematics and philosophy in Jena (Germany) and he was also a student in chemical medicine (Iatrochemistry). Through connections made during trips through the Netherlands and England, he forged a friendship with Robert Boyle. He settled in Minden (Germany) and in 1686 was appointed court and country physician for the Principality Minden. He was influential in the foundation of the University of Halle in 1694 and a year prior to its opening, he was appointed the first Professor of Medicine and Physics.
    • Home, Francis (Dr)
      Physician
      (1719 - 1813)

      Home apprenticed to Mr Rattray, an Edinburgh surgeon, and later studied at the new medical faculty at Edinburgh University. Before graduating he became a surgeon with the sixth Inniskilling regiment of dragoons, serving with them in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. Home returned to Edinburgh University after the war, where he graduated MD in 1750. In 1768 Home became the first professor of materia medica at the University of Edinburgh. To meet the student’s need for a syllabus of drugs Home used his lecture notes to publish 'Methodus materia medica' (1769).
    • Hope, John (Dr)
      Physician and botanist
      (1725 - 1786)

      Hope studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, then studied botany at the University of Paris. He received his MD from the University of Glasgow in 1750. In 1760 Hope became the Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Professor of Botany at the University of Edinburgh. In 1768 he was appointed as a physician to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.
    • Hopkins, Francis (Dr)
      Physician
      (1752 - Unknown)

      Hopkins authored a dissertation titled ‘Tentamen medicum inaugurale, de scirrho et carcinomate’. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Hunter, Alexander (Dr)
      Physician
      (c1729 - 1809)

      Hunter was born in Edinburgh. He studied in Rouen and Paris before receiving his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1753. He practiced in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire and Beverley, Yorkshire, before moving to York in 1763. Hunter was a physician at the York dispensary and the founder, in 1777, of the York Lunatic Asylum.
    • Hunter, William (Dr)
      Anatomist and physician
      (1718 - 1783)

      After studying divinity at the University of Glasgow Hunter studied medicine in 1737 under William Cullen. Moving to London, Hunter became a resident pupil to William Smellie, a Scottish obstetrician and medical instructor, and trained in anatomy at St George's Hospital, London, specialising in obstetrics. Following Smellie's example, Hunter gave a private course on dissecting, operative procedures and bandaging from 1746. In 1768, Hunter built an anatomy theatre and museum in Great Windmill Street, Soho.
    • Hunter, John (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (1728 - 1793)

      When he was nearly 21, Hunter began his medical education in London under his brother William, who was an anatomy teacher and an accoucheur. John became skilled at dissection and William appointed him as his assistant in 1748. Soon, he was running practical classes on his own. After qualifying as a surgeon Hunter became assistant surgeon at St George’s Hospital in 1756 and later surgeon in 1768. His first major scientific work was 'A Treatise on the Natural History of the Human Teeth' (1771).
    • Huxham, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (c1692 - 1768)

      Huxham was born in Devon. In 1715 he began studying medicine at Leiden University but did not complete his studies, instead he graduated MD at Rheims in 1717. His publications included ‘Observationes de aere et morbis epidemicis’ (1739), ‘An Essay on Fevers and their Various Kinds’ (1750), ‘De morbo colico damnoniensi’ (1752) and ‘A dissertation On the Malignant, Ulcerous Sore-Throat’ (1757).
    • Irving, Ralph (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Irving was the author of ‘Experiments on the red and quill peruvian bark, with observations on its history, mode of operation, and uses’ (1785), for which he was awarded first prize by the Harveian Society of Edinburgh in 1784. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Jackson, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      The case notes identify that Dr Jackson was a physician practicing in Edinburgh around 1779 to 1780. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Jacquin, Nikolaus (Prof)
      Naturalist
      (1727 - 1817)

      Jacquin was born in Leiden in the Netherlands. He studied medicine at Leiden University before moving to Paris and then to Vienna. In the 1750s Jacquin went on expeditions to Venezuela, the West Indies and Central America to collect plant specimens. He was appointed professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the Bergakademie Schemnitz in 1763 and in 1769 was appointed Professor of Botany and Chemistry and director of the botanical gardens of the University of Vienna.
    • Jebb, John (Dr)
      Physician, religious and social reformer
      (1736 - 1786)

      Jebb was born in London and was first educated in Ireland before moving to continue his education at Peterhouse, Cambridge. Jebb went on to study medicine at the university of St. Andrews in 1777 and in the same year became a fellow member of the Royal College of Physicians of London.
    • Jones, Robert (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Jones was the author of ‘An inquiry into the state of medicine, on the principles of inductive philosophy : With an appendix; containing practical cases and observation’ (1781). No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Juncker, Johann Friedrich (Dr)
      Physician
      (1679 - 1759)

      Juncker was born in Londorf, near Giessen. Juncker studied philosophy at the University of Marburg before moving to the University of Halle to study theology. He then held a series of teaching positions, in Halle, Lemgo, Schaaken and Pyrmont. Juncker then returned to Halle to become the medical supervisor of a school, orphanage and clinic, collectively known as the Franckesche Stiftungen. Alongside his medical practice Juncker also taught medical students at the clinic.
    • Jussius, Unknown (Unknown)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      The case notes identify that Jussius was a ‘Member of Royal Academy in flux which in France succeeded’. The individual may be Joseph de Jussius, however, there is insufficient evidence to state this with certainty.
    • Kentish, Richard (Dr)
      Physician
      (1730 - 1792)

      Born in Yorkshire, Kentish graduated in medicine from the University of Edinburgh in 1784 with a dissertation ‘De Phthisi pulmonali’ (On Tuberculosis). He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1790. His publications include ‘Experiments and Observations on a New Species of Bark’ (1785) and ‘Advice to Gouty Persons’ (1789).
    • Kerr, James (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (1738 - 1782)

      Kerr was a surgeon in the East-India Company Service, based in Bengal, Calcutta and Dacca.
    • Koelpin, Alexander Bernhard (Dr)
      Physician and botanist
      (1739 - 1801)

      Koelpin studied theology at the University of Greifswald before transferring to the University of Göttingen. He had to return home before completing his studies due to occupation by French troops in the Seven Years' War. He then turned to medicine, studying first in Berlin and then in Greifswald, where he received his doctorate in 1764. Koelpin was appointed director of the Greifswald botanical garden in 1765 and from 1767 he also began working in the Greifswald medical faculty. He moved to Stettin in 1771 where he worked as professor at the academic high school and as a district physician.
    • Lambergen, Tiberius (Dr)
      Physician
      (1717 - 1763)

      Born in Reitsum (Netherlands) Lambergen was a Dutch physician. He enrolled as a student at the university of Franeker (Netherlands), where he studied medicine and science and received his doctorate in May 1740. He initially settled down in Leeuwarden to practice medicine. He married Antoinette Werners in 1749. He was made a member of the Provincial Council of Friesland (Netherlands) in 1751. His inaugural lecture in Franeker University was titled ‘De amico historiae naturalis cum medicina connubio’ (1751). In 1754, he transferred to Groningen, where he published writings such as ‘Lectio sistens ephemeriden persanati carcinomatis’ on cancer. He was probably most famous for his attempts to find a cure for breast cancer, in particular with plant extracts from the university's botanical gardens. He died in Groningen on 9 June 1768.
    • Lassone, Joseph-Marie-François de (Dr)
      Physician and naturalist
      (1717 - 1788)

      Lassone studied anatomy in Paris before being received into the academy of sciences as associate-anatomist. He also studied and wrote on natural history and chemistry. Lassone, at the time of his death, held the appointment of first physician to Louis XVL, counsellor of state, doctor-regent of the faculty of medicine at Paris, and pensionary-veteran of the academy of sciences.
    • Lavoisier, Antoine (Mr)
      Chemist
      (1743 - 1794)

      Lavoisier was born in Paris. He studied at the University of Paris and received a bachelor’s degree in law in 1763. He didn’t practice law, but rather studied and researched in chemistry, geology and other scientific subjects. In 1765 Lavoisier submitted an essay on improving urban street lighting to the French Academy of Sciences. He opened a public laboratory to provide access to scientists to enable their research. He also founded two organisations for public education in the sciences, Lycée and Musée des Arts et Métiers.
    • le Febure, Nicasius (Mr)
      Pharmacist, Chemist
      (1615 - 1669)

      Educated at the Academy of Sedan, Le Febure became an apprentice at his father’s apothecary shop in 1625. By 1647, he had qualified as master apothecary and relocated to Paris where he was patronised by Samuel Duclos, physician to the king, and began to teach private courses in chemistry. In 1660, Le Febure moved to England to serve as royal professor of chemistry and apothecary to the king’s household. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1661 and was appointed to the society’s chemical committee in 1664. Le Febure authored a textbook, 'Traicté de la chymie' ('A Treatise on Chemistry'), in 1660. He also wrote 'Discours sur le grand cordial de Sir Walter Rawleigh' ('A Discourse upon Sir Walter Rawleigh’s Great Cordial'), published in 1664.
    • Leslie, Patrick Dugud (Dr)
      Physician
      (c1750 - 1783)

      Leslie received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1775. His medical practice was in Durham.
    • Lettsom, John Coakley (Dr)
      Physician
      (1744 - 1815)

      Lettsom was born in the British Virgin Islands, in 1744. He was then sent to school in Lancashire. He completed an apprenticeship to an apothecary before moving to London in 1766 to undertake medical training at St. Thomas’s Hospital. He then returned to the British Virgin Islands and undertook medical care there before again returning to Europe and receiving his MD from Leiden University in 1769. Lettsom founded the General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street and the Medical Society of London.
    • Lewis, Unknown (Dr)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      It is possible that this individual is experimental chemist William Lewis (1708 – 1781), however, there is insufficient evidence in the case notes to be sure of their identity.
    • Lieutaud, Joseph (Dr)
      Physician
      (1703 - 1780)

      Lieutaud was born in Aix-en-Provence, France. He graduated with an MD at Aix in 1725. Lieutaud moved to Paris and became a physician in the royal infirmary, then a physician to the royal children, and then chief physician to King Louis XVI. His publications included ‘Essais anatomiques’ (1742), ‘Précis de la medecine pratique’ (1759) and ‘Précis de la matiere mdedicale’. (1766).
    • Lilie, Wilhelm Gottlob (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Lilie authored ‘Dissertatio medica, inauguralis, de plumbi virtutibus medicis. Quam, annuente summo numine, ex auctoritate reverendi admodum viri, D. Gulielmi Robertson, S.S.T.P. academiæ Edinburgenæ praefect’ (1775). No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Linnaeus von Linné, Carolus Carl (Sir)
      Naturalist and botanist
      (1707 - 1778)

      Born in Småland (Sweden), Linneaus was a naturalist, botanist and explorer. He is most known for creating the uniform system for naming natural genera and species (binomial nomenclature). He originally studied in Lund University and Uppsala University and in 1732 went on a research expedition to Lapland. He practiced medicine although he maintained an interest in botany and published multiple taxonomic works.
    • Logan, George (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      The case notes detail that Dr Logan recently received a degree from the University of Edinburgh. Two George Logans received MDs from the university at this time, one in 1777 and one in 1779. It is not possible with the information available to ascertain which this relates to.
    • Ludemanni; Luddemannus, Unknown (Unknown)
      Quack
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Luddemannus was a Dutch empiric, or quack, who sold a medicine he titled luna fixata. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Lysons, Daniel (Dr)
      Physician
      (1727 - 1800)

      Lysons was born in Gloucestershire. He graduated from Oxford University with a BA in 1750 and an MA in 1751. He received his MD in 1769. He practiced for a time in Gloucester before moving to Bath around 1770. Lysons was then appointed as one of the physicians to the Bath General Hospital.
    • MacBride, David (Dr)
      Physician
      (1726 - 1778)

      Macbride was born in County Antrim. He worked as a surgeon’s apprentice before working as a surgeon’s mate on a hospital ship and then surgeon in the navy. He then studied medicine in Edinburgh and London before moving to Dublin in 1751. MacBride was awarded his MD by the University of Glasgow in 1764.
    • Macquer, Pierre (Prof)
      Chemist
      (1718 - 1784)

      Macquer published a number of texts, including ‘Dictionnaire de chymie’ (1766). He worked as a chemist for commercial companies. Macquer was made adjunct Chemist at the French Academy of Sciences in 1745 and then Associate Chemist in 1766. He was appointed as the permanent Chair of Chemistry in 1772.
    • Marcard, Heinrich Matthias (Dr)
      Physician
      (1747 - 1817)

      Marcard studied medicine in Göttingen and received his MD in 1770. After studying medicine in England from 1773 to 1774 he settled in Hanover. From 1775 Macard regularly practiced in the summer months in the spa town of Bad Pyrmont. In 1788 Marcard moved to Oldenburg where he worked as the personal physician to Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig before returning to Hanover in 1809.
    • Marryat, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1730 - 1792)

      Marryat was born in London. His father was a minister, and Marryat’s initial studies were undertaken with the aim of becoming a Presbyterian minister. Marryat gave up his religious studies and went to Edinburgh in 1760 to study medicine where he graduated MD. He then toured medical schools in continental Europe and America. Marryat then lived in Northern Ireland and Shrewsbury for a time before settling in Bristol.
    • McCormick, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      McCormick is identified in the case notes as being based in Antrim. While a Dr John Isaac McCormick (1703 - 1768) has been identified as having been based in Antrim, the death date does not correspond. It is possible the individual referenced in the case notes was a descendant of John McCormick.
    • Mead, Richard (Dr)
      Physician
      (1673 - 1754)

      Mead was born in London. He studied at Utrecht and Leiden universities before graduating in philosophy and physic at Padua in 1695. Mead’s publications included ‘A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it’ (1720) and ‘Mechanical Account of Poisons’ (1902). He was appointed physician to St. Thomas' Hospital. Mead was a founding governor, and advisor, to London’s Foundling Hospital.
    • Millar, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (1733 - 1805)

      Millar received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1757. He then practiced in Kelso, in the Scottish Borders, before being appointed physician to the Westminster General Dispensary in 1774. His works included ‘Observations on the Asthma and on the Hooping Cough’ (1769) and ‘A Discourse on the Duty of Physicians’ (1776).
    • Milman, Francis (Dr)
      Physician
      (1746 - 1821)

      Milman was born in Devon. He graduated MD from Oxford University in 1764 and received his MD in 1776. He was appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital, a position which he held from 1777 to 1779. He then developed a practice in London and, in 1785, was made physician-extraordinary to the king's household, and in 1796 joint physician to the household. In 1800 he was made a baronet, a reward for attending Princess Sophia, and in 1806 became physician-in-ordinary to George III.
    • Milner, Isaac (Prof)
      Chemist and mathematician
      (1750 - 1820)

      Milner was born in Leeds. He was apprenticed as a weaver, before his brother supported his attendance at Cambridge University. He was awarded a BA in 1774. In 1782 the Jacksonian professorship of natural philosophy was established and Milner was appointed as the inaugural professor.
    • Moffatt, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (c1702 - c1787)

      Moffatt, a Scottish-born physician, studied at Edinburgh and Leiden universities before moving to Newport, Rhode Island, in 1729. There he practiced medicine and established a snuff mill. Moffatt was an active supporter of royal authority in the colonies and during the Stamp Act disturbances he was hanged in effigy, his house sacked and many of his possessions destroyed.
    • Monro (Secundus), Alexander (Dr)
      Physician
      (1733 - 1817)

      Alexander Monro Secundus was the third son of Alexander Monro primus. Aged twelve, Monro enrolled in the faculty of arts at Edinburgh University, studying Latin, Greek, philosophy, mathematics, physics and history. He began his medical studies in 1750. In 1753, Monro took over teaching his father’s anatomy lessons. At the petition of Monro primus, Monro achieved joint professorship, without qualifications, in 1754. Monro graduated MD in 1755 with a thesis titled 'De testibus et semine in variis animalibus'. Monro took up the anatomy lectureship in the academic session of 1758-59, a post he would hold for the next fifty years.
    • Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (Prof)
      Physician
      (1682 - 1771)

      Morgagni studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Bologna where he then became an anatomic demonstrator. He then was appointed as professor of theoretical medicine at Padua University and, three years later, he was promoted to the chair of anatomy.
    • Morgan, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (1735 - 1789)

      Morgan was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was awarded his MD by the University of Edinburgh in 1763. Morgan co-founded the College of Philadelphia Medical School, the first medical school in North America. He was also a founding member of the American Philosophical Society.
    • Mudge, John (Dr)
      Physician and surgeon
      (1721 - 1793)

      Mudge was baptised in Devon. He studied medicine at Plymouth Hospital. In 1777 Mudge published a dissertation on the inoculated smallpox. Mudge remained in Plymouth for the rest of his life practicing first as a surgeon and then, after 1784, when he was awarded an MD from King's College, Aberdeen, as a physician.
    • Munch, Johann Heinrich (Dr)
      Physician
      (1758 - Unknown)

      Munch authored ‘Dissertatio inauguralis medica sistens observationes practicas circa usum belladonnae, in melancholia, mania, et epilepsia’ (1783). No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Nouffer, Unknown (Madame)
      Empiric
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Madame Nouffer, nee Meyer, from Switzerland, employed a remedy for the cure of the tape-worm, apparently following the instructions of her deceased husband. The apparent effectiveness of her treatment led to its purchase by the French government who commissioned a study of the remedy by Joseph-Marie-François de Lassone titled ‘Traitement contre le ténia ou ver solitaire, pratique, à Morat en Suisse [by Mme Nouffer], examiné & éprouvé à Paris’ (1775).
    • Odier, Louis Jean (Dr)
      Physician
      (1748 - 1817)

      Odier was born in the then independent Republic of Geneva. Odier studied philosophy in Genera and then moved to Edinburgh where he studied medicine, being granted his MD in 1770. He went on to study at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, at the University of Leiden, and in Paris. Odier then returned to Geneva and was instrumental in introducing smallpox vaccination into France and Switzerland, translating the works of key figures in the vaccination movement including Edward Jenner.
    • Oetinger, Ferdinand Christoph (Dr)
      Physician
      (1719 - 1772)

      Born in Tübingen (Germany), Oetinger was a court physician in the Duchy of Württemberg. He was also active as a professor of medicine at the University of Tübingen and 1768-1769 acted as rector there. He published an inaugural dissertation 'de belladonna, tanquam specifico in cancro, imprimis occulto', which focussed on the use of belladonna in cancer treatment. He was a strong influence for physicians who believed in the theory of animal magnetism (or mesmerism), that stipulated the existence of an invisible natural force in all living beings.
    • Ogl, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      A physician from Forfar, Scotland, who used Fern powder to combat Taenia Cucurbitina. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Pallas, Peter Simon (Prof)
      Physician, naturalist
      (1741 - 1811)

      Pallas was born in Berlin, the son of Professor of Surgery Simon Pallas. He studied at the University of Halle, the University of Göttingen and finally the University of Leiden where he received his MD. Pallas developed a new system of animal classification. His publications included ‘Miscellanea Zoologica’ (1766) and ‘Spicilegia Zoologica’ (1767–80). In 1767 Pallas became a professor at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
    • Palmer, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      A Dr Palmer is recorded in printed Medical Registers as having been employed in Peterborough in 1779, 1780 and 1783. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Parnham, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Parnham submitted a dissertation titled ‘Dissertatio inauguralis de cystirrhoea’ at the University of Edinburgh in 1772. No further information has been identified regarding this individual.
    • Pearson, George (Dr)
      Physician and chemist
      (c1751 - 1828)

      Pearson was baptized in Rotherham, Yorkshire, in 1751. He received his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1773. Pearson also studied chemistry under Joseph Black. He worked at St Thomas’s Hospital in London and then as chief physician at St George's Hospital, London. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1791 and served on the society’s council. His contributions to chemistry included discovering that sodium carbonate could be decomposed, the discovery of calcium phosphide and the observation of the spontaneous combustion in air of the gas phosphine.
    • Percival, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1740 - 1804)

      Percival was born in Warrington, Lancashire. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and Leiden University. He worked as a physician first in Warrington and then, from 1767, in Manchester. Percival was a founding member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. His publications included ‘Essays medical and experimental’ (1767) and ‘Medical ethics; or a code of institutes and precepts, adapted to the professional interests of physicians and surgeons’ (1803).
    • Platter, Felix (Dr)
      Physician
      (1536 - 1614)

      Platter was a Swiss physician, the son of a Lutheran teacher and printer. Platter received his MD from the University of Montpellier in 1557. After returning to Basel that same year he established a successful medical practice and became professor of practical medicine at the University of Basel. Platter produced a number of medical texts, including ‘Praxeos Medicae’ (1602).
    • Plenck, Joseph (Mr)
      Surgeon and chemist
      (1735 - 1807)

      Plenck was born in Vienna. He apprenticed in surgery and served in the Seven Years War. He graduated from the University of Vienna after studying surgery and obstetrics but did not receive an MD. He became the director of military pharmacies in Vienna and, in 1786, was appointed professor of chemistry and botany at the Military Academy in Vienna. Various sources give differing birth and death dates for Plenck.
    • Plunket, Unknown (Unknown)
      Quack
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      The case notes refer to a family of empirics, or quack doctors, in Ireland. No further information has been identified about these individuals.
    • Pomme, Pierre (Dr)
      Physician
      (1735 - 1812)

      Pomme graduated from the Montpellier School of Medicine in 1747. He was appointed as Consulting doctor of the King and Grand Falconer in 1767. In 1803 he was admitted to the Academic Society of Sciences of Paris. Pomme’s most influential work was ‘Traité des affections vaporeuses des deux sexes: ou Maladies nerveuses, vulgairement appelées maux de nerfs’. Various sources give differing birth and death dates for Pomme.
    • Pott, Percivall (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (1714 - 1788)

      Percivall Pott was born in London. In 1729 Pott served as an apprentice to Edward Nourse, assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital. Pott became assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's in 1745 and full surgeon from 1749 to 1787. In 1753 Pott and William Hunter were elected as the first lecturers in anatomy to the Company, with Pott becoming a member of the court of examiners in 1763 and master of the Company in 1765.
    • Power, Unknown (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Power was active as a surgeon in England in the late 1770s. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Pringle, John (Sir)
      Physician
      (1707 - 1782)

      Pringle attended the University of St Andrews before a year in Edinburgh. He received his MD from Leiden University. In 1742 the earl of Stair, commander of the British Army in Flanders, appointed Pringle as his personal physician and he was put in charge of the military hospital. In 1745 Pringle was appointed 'Physician General to His Majesty's Forces in the Low Countries and beyond the seas'. Pringle was appointed physician to King George III and Queen Charlotte, a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and, in 1772, President of the Royal Society. In 1766 he was awarded a baronetcy by the King for recognition of his work.
    • Ray, John (Mr)
      Naturalist
      (1627 - 1705)

      Ray was born in Essex. He attended Cambridge University. After completing his studies, he then when on to teach a range of subjects at the university, including Greek and mathematics. Ray took holy orders in 1660. Ray published books on botany and zoology, including ‘Historia Plantarum’.
    • Ricard, Unknown (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Ricard was a French surgeon. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Rowly; Rowley, William (Mr)
      British man-midwife and surgeon
      (1742 - 1806)

      After completing his apprenticeship at St Thomas's Hospital, London, Rowley (also known as Rowly) became a surgeon, serving in the army from 1760 to 1765. In 1766 he established a general practice in London, and in April 1774 was awarded MD at the University of St Andrews. He matriculated from St Alban's Hall, Oxford, in 1780 and graduated with a BA in 1784 at the age of 42, MA in 1787 and MV in 1788, however he was refused the degree of MD because of technical transgressions against the university statutes. Rowley was the physician at the Marylebone Infirmary. He described himself as a man-midwife, and was consulting physician to the Queen's Lying-in Hospital, as well as practicing ophthalmic and general surgery.
    • Russell, Balfour (Dr)
      Physician
      (1733 - 1761)

      Balfour Russell attended the University of Edinburgh. He was a pupil and friend of William Cullen and obtained his MD in 1759, after training as a surgeon-apothecary for three years from 1752.
    • Sagar, Johann Baptist Michael Edler von (Unknown)
      Nosologist
      (1702 - 1778)

      Sagar was a nosologist whose work influenced, among others, the Edinburgh physician Dr William Cullen. Sagar's most influential publication was 'Systema morborum symptomaticum secundum classes, ordines, genera et species, cum characteribus, differentiis et therapeiis'.
    • Sanden, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1752 - 1840)

      Sanden wrote 'Short Strictures on the Method of Treatment Recommended by Dr Dawson, in the Acute Rhematism' (1782), and 'A Tribute to the Memory of John Bayly, MD' (1816). Sanden founded the Chichester Dispensary with Reverend William Walker in 1784. He was a cousin of John Bayly, physician (1735-1815).
    • Saunders, William (Dr)
      Physician
      (1743 - 1817)

      Saunders was born in Banff, Scotland. He studied at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MD in 1765. Saunders set up his practice in London and began lecturing in materia medica and medicine at Guy’s Hospital. He also began offering clinical lectures. Saunders later published ‘Observations on the superior Efficacy of the Red Peruvian Bark’ (1782).
    • Sibbald, Robert (Sir)
      Physician and geographer
      (1641 - 1722)

      Sibbald studied at the University of Edinburgh, first receiving his MA and then studying divinity. In 1660 Sibbald travelled to Leiden to study medicine. He then went to Paris and moved to Angers, where he graduated MD in 1662. After briefly living in London, he returned to Scotland in 1662, settling in Edinburgh. Sibbald was instrumental in developing Edinburgh’s physic garden, in the foundation of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and in the production of the 'Pharmacopeia Edinburgensis'. In 1685 he became the first professor of medicine at Edinburgh University. Sibbald was knighted in 1682 and appointed physician-in-ordinary to King Charles II, as well as serving as physician to his successor King James II and VII, he was also made geographer royal for Scotland.
    • Simmons, Samuel Foart (Dr)
      Physician
      (1750 - 1813)

      Simmons studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and was awarded an MD at Leiden in 1776. Simmons was appointed, first as physician to the Westminster General Dispensary in 1780 and then physician to the Bethlem Hospital in 1781. His main contribution was the publication of the ‘Medical Register’ in 1779, 1780 and 1783, the ‘London Medical Journal’ and ‘Medical Facts and Observations’.
    • Simson, James (Dr)
      Physician
      (1740 - 1770)

      Son of Thomas Simson, a Scottish medical academic at the University of St Andrews, Simson was awarded the degree of MD. He succeeded his father as the second Chandos Professor at the University of St Andrews in 1764, a post he held until his death in 1770. His library was bequeathed to the University of St Andrews in 1770.
    • Sloane, Hans (Dr)
      Physician
      (1660 - 1753)

      Sir Hans Sloane was born in county Down in 1660. He moved to London in the 1680s to study chemistry, anatomy, physic and botany. He obtained his doctorate at the University of Orange in 1683. He then attended the University of Montpellier and in 1684 returned to London. In 1687 Sloane set sail with the governor of Jamaica, the second duke of Albemarle, to act as the duke’s personal physician. Sloane spent over a year in Jamaica, studying the natural environment. In 1689, after the death of the duke, Sloane returned to England. In 1694 he was appointed physician in charge of Christ’s Hospital, London. He became president of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1719. He also acted as personal physician to a succession of monarchs. Sloane died in 1753 in Chelsea.
    • Smith, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Smith was a physician who described Angina Pectoris. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Smyth, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Smyth was a physician in Dublin. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas von (Dr)
      Physician
      (1755 - 1830)

      Sömmerring was born in Thorn, Prussia. He studied medicine at the University of Göttingen. Sömmerring was made a professor of anatomy, first at the Collegium Carolinum in Kassel and then at the University of Mainz. In 1804 Sömmerring took up a post at the Academy of Science of Bavaria, based in Munich. Sömmerring published widely, on subjects including medicine, anthropology, anatomy, palaeontology, astronomy and philosophy.
    • Spens, Nathaniel (Dr)
      Physician
      (1728 - 1815)

      Born in Fife, Spens studied medicine at the University of St Andrews before moving to Edinburgh to practise. He became a member of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1751. After practising in Edinburgh, Spens became steadily more interested in the practice of physic, becoming a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1773 and a Fellow of the College the following year, going on to be Treasurer. Spens was a member of the Royal Company of Archers, which is said to be the first military body in the service of the British Crown to adapt tartan in their uniform.
    • Spens, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1764 - 1842)

      Spens studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh qualifying MD in 1784. He worked as a physician at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and Edinburgh Lunatic Asylum. In 1803 he succeeded William Wright as President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh after serving as Treasurer. Like his father, Nathaniel Spens, Thomas was a member of the Royal Company of Archers and succeeded the role of President from Charles Stuart of Dunearn.
    • Stahl, George Ernst (Dr)
      Physician, chemist and philosopher
      (1659 - 1734)

      Born in Ansbach (Germany), Stahl enrolled at the University of Jena in 1679 to study medicine. He qualified as a doctor in 1684 and three years later was appointed as the private physician of Sachsen-Weimar's Duke Johann Ernst. In 1715, he was appointed first personal physician to Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, and he relocated to Berlin. There, he was also the director of the Collegium Medicum, the supervisory body for physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists.
    • Stedman, John (Dr)
      Physician
      (1710 - 1791)

      Stedman was born in Dunfermline, in 1710. In the 1730s he attended the University of Edinburgh where he obtained his MD. In 1740 he was appointed surgeon-major to the North British Dragoons and was present at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743. After returning to Scotland, Stedman became a Fellow of the Philosophical Society and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He obtained the post of surgeon to the Merchant Maiden Hospital and the post of a physician-in-ordinary to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. In 1783 he became one of the founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
    • Stevenson, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Stevenson was a medical student at the University of Edinburgh and his inaugural dissertation was on the subject of the medical uses of electricity.
    • Sutton, Thomas (Mr)
      Surgeon, inoculator
      (1735 - 1819)

      Sutton was born in Kenton, Suffolk. He trained under his father, who was a surgeon, apothecary and inoculator. He then became an assistant to an Essex doctor before setting up his own practice. Sutton disagreed with the long preparatory period and subsequent confinement which was recommended by inoculators to their patients. He established a simplified, although still complex, procedure and set up inoculation houses across England to carry out the procedure. Sutton carried out mass inoculations of entire towns and districts. His brothers and his son, Daniel, followed him into the business, and they began to be referred to collectively as the ‘Sutton inoculators’.
    • Sydenham, Thomas (Dr)
      Physician
      (1624 - 1689)

      Sydenham was baptized in 1624 in Dorset. Although he matriculated at Oxford University in 1642 the outbreak of the English Civil War led to his leaving the university to join the parliamentary militia before his studies were complete. Sydenham took up a position with the exchequer, known as the office of comptroller of the pipe, in the mid-1650s. Although it has been suggested that Sydenham subsequently travelled to Montpellier and studied there, there is a lack of evidence to corroborate this. At some point in the 1850s Sydenham travelled to London and began to style himself as ‘Dr’, in spite of the fact he did not hold an MD. He only graduated MD, from Cambridge University, late in life – in 1676.
    • Timmerman, Unknown (Unknown)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      Employed Belladonna as a treatment for cancer around the beginning of the 1700s. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Tissot, Samuel Auguste (Dr)
      Physician
      (1728 - 1797)

      Tissot practiced in the Swiss city of Lausanne. He wrote on the diseases of the poor, on masturbation, on the diseases of men of letters and of rich people, and nervous diseases.
    • Tulp, Nicolaes (Mr)
      Physician
      (1593 - 1674)

      Tulp was born Claes Pieterszoon, in Amsterdam. He studied medicine at Leiden University. After returning to Amsterdam Tulp adopted the tulip as his heraldric emblem and changed his name to Nicolaes (a more proper version of the name Claes) Tulp. He began working in local politics as city treasurer, and in 1622, became a magistrate in Amsterdam. In 1628 Tulp was appointed Praelector Anatomiae at the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons. Tulp was one of the authors of the first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam. Tulp became Mayor of Amsterdam in 1654.
    • Tyson, Edward (Dr)
      Physician and comparative anatomist
      (1651 - 1708)

      Tyson was born in Somerset. He received a BA from Oxford University in 1670, an MA from Oxford in 1673 and an MD from Cambridge University in 1678. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1683. He was appointed as physician and a governor of the Bethlem Hospital in London in the 1680s.
    • Unknown, Unknown (Dr)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      It is likely that the name 'Huck', as written in the case notes, is an abbreviation of the actual surname. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Unknown, Unknown (Unknown)
      Unknown
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      The context of this entry relates to cinchona classification, which may suggest the individual is Richard Pulteney (1730-1801). However, the spelling and abbreviation of the name makes it impossible to say with certainty.
    • van Doeveren, Gualtherus (Prof)
      Dutch physician
      (1730 - 1783)

      Van Doeveren graduated MD from Leiden University in 1753, with his dissertation regarding intestinal worms appearing in French in 1764 before being translated to German. He kept a medical practice in Leiden before being offered a position at the University of Groningen, taking up his professorship there in 1754, teaching physiology, surgery, pathology and obstetrics. Van Doeveren was rector of the university for the sessions 1761-172 and 1769-1770. His medical skills became more well known in Leiden, and he was appointed professor of medicine and obstetrics in 1771.
    • van Swieten, Gerard (Dr)
      Physician
      (1700 - 1772)

      Van Swieten studied philosophy and later pharmacy and medicine at Leiden University, obtaining his MD in 1725. He set up a private practice in Leiden and began to give private lessons in pharmacy and materia medica. He did not hold a licence to teach and in 1734 the university forbade him from continuing. As Van Swieten was a Catholic it was not permitted for him to teach at the university. In 1744 he took up the position of personal physician of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresia as well as that of court librarian.
    • Vogel, Rudolf Augustin (Dr)
      Physician and naturalist
      (1724 - 1774)

      Vogel studied at Erfurt, Leipzig and Berlin, receiving his medical degree from Erfurt in 1747. In 1753, he became a professor of medicine at the University of Göttingen.
    • von Herrenschwand, Johann Friedrich (Dr)
      Physician
      (1715 - 1798)

      Herrenschwand was a military doctor in Flanders, later becoming the personal physician to the Landgrave Friedrich Jakob von Hessen-Homburg in 1740. He was the city doctor of Murten between 1743 and 1745, and also became the personal physician to the Hereditary Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Gotha, later becoming a doctor of the Swiss guard regiment in 1750. He returned to Murten in 1755 where he was the personal physician to Duke Friedrich III of Saxe-Gotha from 1757. Herrenschwand was personal physician to King Stanislaus II August Poniatowski, king of Poland from 1764.
    • von Störck, Anton (Dr)
      Physician
      (1731 - 1803)

      Störck was the deacon of the medical faculty and rector at the University of Vienna. In 1767 he treated empress Maria Theresa of Austria for smallpox and became her personal physician following her recovery. In 1758 he became the 'first physician' to the Vienna urban institute for the poor, and from 1764 he was physician to Emperor Franz I, Stephan of Frankfurt am Maine and to the Dukes Joseph and Leopold. He was made Baron in 1775.
    • Wall, Martin (Dr)
      Physician and chemist
      (1747 - 1824)

      Wall was baptised in Worcester in 1747. He graduated BA from Oxford University in 1770 and graduated MD from Oxford in 1771. He carried out further medical studies at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, and in Edinburgh. After moving back to Oxford he was appointed as physician to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1775 and then as Professor of Clinical Medicine at Oxford in 1785. Various sources give differing birth and death dates for Wall.
    • Ward, Joshua (Mr)
      Quack
      (1685 - 1761)

      Ward was born in Yorkshire and, after briefly sitting as a Member of Parliament for Marlborough, Ward practiced as a quack doctor, first in Paris and then in London. Although Ward often referred to himself in print as Dr Ward, no evidence has been identified to suggest he held an MD. Ward developed a number of patent medicines, which were known by a variety of names, including ‘Ward’s Volatile Liniment’, ‘Ward’s Volatile Elixir’, ‘Ward’s Pill’ and ‘Ward’s Pill and Drop’. He claimed these medicines could cure any ailment.
    • Webster, Charles (Dr)
      Physician
      (1750 - 1795)

      From 1778 Webster was appointed as physician to the Edinburgh dispensary jointly with Dr Andrew Duncan. Webster also taught chemistry and pharmacy in Duncan’s extramural school. He was then incumbent of St Paul’s Church, Jeffrey Street.
    • White, William (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      White was a physician in York. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Whytt, Robert (Dr)
      Physician
      (1714 - 1766)

      Robert Whytt was born in Edinburgh. After studying at the University of Edinburgh, in 1734, Whytt went to London and then Paris and Leiden to continue his medical studies. He obtained his MD at Rheims in 1736 and then a further MD from the University of St. Andrews in 1737. Whytt established a private practice in Edinburgh. In 1751, Whytt published a major work, 'Essay on the Vital and other Involuntary Motions of Animals'.
    • Wood, Andrew (Mr)
      Surgeon
      (1742 - 1821)

      Wood was a surgeon in Edinburgh, he was admitted into the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1769. No further information has been identified about this individual.
    • Wright, William (Dr)
      Physician
      (1735 - 1819)

      William Wright was born in March 1735 in Perthshire. In 1756, Wright attended medical lectures at Edinburgh University, but did not obtain a degree. After working for some years as a ship surgeon, Wright received his MD in absentia from St Andrews. Wright left for Jamaica in 1764. Wright is particularly associated with his work on slave plantations, his ownership of enslaved people and his writings defending slavery and racial supremacy. In 1774 he was appointed Surgeon-General of Jamaica. Wright became physician to the army and director of military hospitals in Barbados from 1796 to 1798.
    • Young, Unknown (Dr)
      Physician
      (Unknown - Unknown)

      The case notes identify that Dr Young was practicing in Edinburgh during the period the notes were written (1778). There were multiple individuals with the name Dr Young practicing in Edinburgh at that time, including Dr James Young and Dr Archibald Young. It has not been possible with the information available to ascertain which of these individuals this refers to.

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A charity registered in Scotland no. SC009465

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